Introduction

• a 26 kDa membrane-associated protein known to protect neurons against apoptosis. PMID: 10675772

• an anti-apoptotic protein overexpressed in B-cell lymphoma. PMID: 16297765

• a protooncogene that plays a major antiapoptotic role, at the cellular level, by counteracting the activation of apoptosis effectors, that is, caspases. PMID: 17678976

• one of the most important antiapoptotic genes. PMID: 17352236

• an antiapoptotic molecule that prevents oxidative stress damage and cell death. PMID: 17349933

• a member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins that play a crucial role in a complex mechanism of apoptosis. PMID: 15628988

• one of the cytoplasmic oncoproteins, and has been shown to suppress apoptotic cell death. PMID: 11496308

• play a central role in the regulation of apoptosis. PMID: 17567310

• plays a crucial role in the regulation of apoptosis as mediators in between the apical stimuli sensing steps and the executory mechanisms of apoptosis. PMID: 17485408

• play an important role in the growth and biological behavior of tumors. PMID: 17476972

• important regulators of cell survival and cell death. PMID: 17680735

• a potent inhibitor of apoptosis and is overexpressed in a wide variety of malignancies. PMID: 17283155

• a member of the apoptosis-regulating family of proteins confers a survival advantage on cells by inhibiting apoptosis. PMID: 12890751

• Proteins of the Bcl-2 family play a key role in the control of apoptosis and carry out both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic functions. PMID: 15700269

Normal Expression

• Bcl-2 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondrial, and nuclear membranes. PMID: 12477729

• granulosa cells of primary follicles, granulosa cells and theca cells in tertiary follicles of adult rat ovary also showed a strong staining for Bcl-2 and Bax proteins. Oocytes of follicles from different developmental stages revealed an apparent staining both for Bcl-2 and Bax proteins. PMID: 17570453

• Bcl-2 expression in control subjects was observed in the basal cell layer of skin. PMID: 17567310

• Normal epithelium of cancerous prostates contained foci with high expression of Bax and Bcl-2. PMID: 17454944

• Bcl-2 was strongly expressed in basal keratinocytes of normal skin, while no expression was observed in 13 (37.2%) of the psoriatic samples and it was weakly expressed in the spinous cell layer of 22 (62.8%) samples. PMID: 17177938

• in normal conditions, Bcl-2 is only present in some neuronal, but not glial, elements of the sensory peripheral nervous system. PMID: 16364546

• Bcl-2, an intracellular protein, has recently been identified in the primate amygdala and hippocampus. PMID: 15262342

• normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic breast epithelial cells expressing the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 are immature cells that ought to form part of the stem-cell subpopulation. PMID: 15024706

• Both Bcl-2 and Bax are expressed in the developing cerebellum. PMID: 12879966

• Western blot analysis showed that Bcl-2 was constitutively expressed in normal spinal cords. PMID: 12819378

• In hepatocytes, bcl-2 expression was detected more often among controls than in the analysed patients. PMID: 12211716

• At thalamic level, Bcl-2-positive neurons occur in anterior, rostral intralaminar, midline and lateral habenular nuclei. The protein is also expressed in several structures associated with the ventricular system, including the subventricular zone (SVZ), the subcommissural organ, and the periventricular grey at rostral and caudal tips of the fourth ventricle. At brainstem and cerebellar levels, Bcl-2-positive neurons occur in the dorsal raphe nucleus, inferior olivary complex, and in molecular and granular layers of the cerebellum. Finally, neurons of layer IV of the striate cortex display a very strong Bcl-2 immunoreactivity that contrasts with the poor labeling of neurons in adjacent parastriate and peristriate cortices. PMID: 11985879

• The expression of Bcl-2 was high in good quality oocytes and embryos, low in fragmented embryos, and hardly detectable in denuded oocytes. PMID: 11943486

• The anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein was expressed diffusely throughout the cytoplasm of the syncytiotrophoblast with much less intensive staining in cytotrophoblast and mesenchymal cells. Bcl-2 expression was reduced or lost in areas of syncytial sprouts. PMID: 11530860

• Bcl-2 cytoplasmic acinar and ductal immunostaining was found in all fetal and adult pancreas tissue samples; ductal hyperplastic lesions were constantly negative. PMID: 11523052

• Bcl-2 was detected by immunohistochemistry in developing rabbit retinas from embryonic day (E) 15, 22, 26, 29 and postnatal day (PN) 0, 3, 7, 15 and adults. PMID: 11462157

• expressed during brain development but is largely down-regulated in the adult central nervous system. PMID: 10749100

• in the developing kidney of human embryos, the highest Bcl-2 expression was proved in the cells of metanephrogenic blastema. The lower occurrence of Bcl-2 positive cells was demonstrated in proximal tubules analges+ and it was almost on the borderline of detection in branches of ureteral bud. In the fetal period the marked Bcl-2 expression was maintained in the epithelial cells of proximal tubules analges. PMID: 10743726

• The bcl-2 protein was expressed in myenteric and submucous ganglion cells in fetuses, children, and adults. PMID: 10583933

• In lymphoid tissues, follicular mantle cells strongly expressed bcl-2. In complex and differentiating epithelium, bcl-2 expression was detected in stem cell and proliferation zones. Bcl-2 expression was also detected in lower crypts of the intestine and in skin basal layers. The feline Crandell kidney cells expressed bcl-2 diffusely throughout the cytoplasm. PMID: 10568437

• Bcl-2 is expressed in normal rat liver, and it is located predominantly in the inner membrane and crista rather than in the outer membrane of mitochondria. PMID: 9731187

• Positive immunostaining for bcl-2 was seen in all of the layers of the normal adrenal cortex, with different staining characteristics. bcl-2 expression was never observed in the normal adrenal medulla. Electron microscopic studies revealed bcl-2 to be localized predominantly to mitochondria, with a small number of labels along the nuclear envelope. PMID: 9720498

• In first and third trimester placentas BCL-2 was expressed in the syncytiotrophoblast. Only a few mesenchymal villi (first trimester) or terminal villi (third trimester) showed no staining in the syncytiotrophoblast. PMID: 9688420

• We show that Bcl-2 expression in skeletal muscle cells identifies an early stage of the myogenic pathway, inhibits apoptosis, and promotes clonal expansion. PMID: 9679150

• Bcl-2 was localized in endometrial cells, tubal muscularis and epithelium, and myometrial edges. PMID: 9660435

• All Bcl-2 related proteins were expressed in normal and malignant ovarian tissues. Higher levels of Bcl-2 versus Bcl-xLong were observed in normal ovary by immunoblotting, compared to a majority of cancer samples. PMID: 9615792

• Bcl-2 can serve as a marker of both proliferating and differentiating neurons and indicate that such immature neurons may be much more widespread than previously thought in postnatal primate brain. PMID: 9502809

Abnormal Expression

• Bc1-2 and Livin are highly expressed in osteosarcoma cells. PMID: 17632732

• Bcl-2 is an apoptotic protein that is highly expressed in advanced melanoma PMID: 16914583

• clusterin and bcl-2 are upregulated in laryngeal carcinomas and their expression is related to the invasiveness of these tumors. PMID: 16675913

• The bcl-2 expression was significantly higher in the hepatitis C group when compared with the hepatitis B group (p<0.001). PMID: 16127523

• Apoptosis-associated bcl-2 oncogene is abnormally expressed in gastric precancerous lesions (GPL), which correlates with different accompanying syndromes in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). PMID: 15929186

• A strong cytoplasmic positivity for Bcl-2 protein, a key factor in regulation of apoptosis, was found in the majority of proliferating synovial cells. PMID: 15903030

• Bcl-2 protein expression is altered in choroidal melanomas. PMID: 15858118

• Bcl-2 and p53 proteins are altered in the lymphoproliferative lesions. PMID: 15846077

• expressed in a phase-dependent manner in the human adherent monocytes after vaccinia virus infection, reflecting the viral infection stages. PMID: 15802967

• Bcl-2 reactivity was widespread in hyperplastic lymphoid tissue, including germinal centers surroundings, scattered cells within the germinal centers and the T-cell areas in general. PMID: 14643483

• The expression of Bcl-2 was observed in 10 out of 27 (37.0%) invasive carcinomas, 1 out of 10 dysplasias, none out of 5 normal epithelial tissues. PMID: 14606101

• Of the 28 psoriasis cases 20 were found to express bcl-2. PMID: 12941088

• In patients with mastocytosis, the expression of bcl-2 protein but not bcl-xL in cutaneous mast cells was significantly enhanced, compared to healthy controls. PMID: 12937123

• consistently expressed in hyperplastic marginal zones of the spleen, abdominal lymph nodes, and ileal lymphoid tissue. PMID: 12826880

• Bcl-2 protein and AM were immunolocalized in the cytoplasm of invasive squamous carcinoma cells, but not in either CIN lesions or normal cervical epithelium. Bcl-2 protein expression was more prominent in bulky invasive squamous carcinoma cells than in early invasive squamous carcinoma cells. PMID: 12720100

• significantly overexpressed in localized radio-recurrent prostate carcinoma, compared with localized radio-naive prostate carcinoma. PMID: 12694817

• in cases of chronic hepatitis, bcl-2 expression in cholangioles of interface area suggests that this oncoprotein may be involved in regulation of growth of these epithelial cells. PMID: 12141825

• Positive cytoplasmic reaction of Bcl-2 in 51.3% of patients with Stage I endometrial cancer, and in 23.8% and 0% of patients with II and III FIGO stage, respectively, was observed. PMID: 12097999

• Expression of bcl-2 protein were demonstrated in 16 of 23 (69.5%) and 8 of 23 (34.7%) patients with Behçet's disease and leukocytoclastic vasculitis, respectively. None of the normal skin samples of Behçet's disease patients showed bcl-2 expression. PMID: 11903667

• Forty-one out of fifty (82%) cases of gastric carcinoma were positive for bcl-2 protein staining which was located in the cytoplasm and nuclear membrane of tumor cells. PMID: 11819282

• After exposure to hypoxia for 21 days (10% O2), Bcl-2 protein expression markedly increased, (44%) in gastrocnemius, (323%) in soleus and (1178%) in heart. PMID: 11768244

• We detected Bcl-2 expression in 10 of 17 adenomas (58.8 %) and 31 of 86 carcinomas (36.04 %). Bcl-2 expression was found to be significantly high in mucinous carcinomas. PMID: 11349216

• The majority of leukocytes in 12 of 13 histopathologically positive specimens of Behçet's disease (BD) were stained with Bcl-2. PMID: 11306827

• A cytoplasmatic expression of the bcl-2 protein was found in 72% (18 out of 15) of the bronchogenic adenocarcinomas while 61.54% (8 out of 13) of squamous carcinomas showed bcl-2 expression. PMID: 11286130

• bcl-2 was observed in 69 cases (59.4%) of primitive carcinomas and 26 cases (65%) of metastatic breast carcinomas and there was agreement of bcl-2 expression between primary and metastatic sites except in 3 cases. bcl-2 expression was significantly associated with several favourable prognostic features. PMID: 11275791

• bcl-2 expression is present and up-regulated in pathologic Langerhans' cells. PMID: 10463280
  bcl-2 protein was expressed in nearly all benign smooth muscle tumours but in only 57% of leiomyosarcomas. PMID: 10408415

• bcl-2 expression by immunohistochemistry was observed more frequently than bcl-xL in gangliogliomas. PMID: 10374780

• Overall, bcl-2 was detectable in 39 of 84 (46%) non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). PMID: 10355530

• The bcl-2 protein was found within the infiltrating neoplastic cells of 97 (68%) specimens but it was also detectable in tumours' in situ compartments and in benign mammary tissue. PMID: 10231398

• The bcl-2 was expressed in 10/20 (50%) of autoimmune atrophic gastritis patients, in 9/20 (45%) of H. pylori-associated atrophic gastritis patients (P = 0.73), and in 2/20 (10%) of controls. PMID: 10219822

• bcl-2 immunopositivity to be a frequent event in non small cell lung cancer (54.5%) with a higher expression in squamous carcinomas compared to adenocarcinomas (p = .04). PMID: 10216499

• Bcl-2 expression is frequently observed in squamous cell carcinomas with early pT status, and that it does not predict prognosis of patients with NSCLC. PMID: 10202283

• bcl-2 protein was overexpressed in Bone Marrow Mast Cells (BMMC) from mast cell leukemia (MCL) patient without gene rearrangement. PMID: 10072109

• In all cases, bcl-2 protein was detected in portal and intralobular lymphocytes but not in hepatocytes or Kupffer cells. Bcl-2 was positive in the cytoplasm of small portal bile ducts of chronic hepatitis, while it was strongly expressed in newly formed bile-ductules of the limiting plate, mainly in chronic hepatitis (CH) with marked activity and active cirrhosis (CR). Bcl-2 was detected in small bile ducts in only one case of acute hepatitis and was not detected in any case of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). PMID: 10048090

• malignant plasma cells from both the bone marrow and peripheral blood express high levels of Bcl-2 and are slowly proliferating cells. In contrast, myeloma cells from extramedullary sites (ie pleural effusion, ascitis, mammary and gastric plasmacytoma) express Bcl-2 weakly while being highly proliferative. PMID: 10025904

• Bcl-2 is expressed by T lymphocytes in Multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques. Patients with chronic progressive MS have a higher proportion of bcl-2 expressing T cells than patients with relapsing remitting disease. PMID: 9717185

• Bcl-2 localization was observed in cytoplasm in 18 tumors, in nucleus in 27 tumors, or in both in 5 tumors. PMID: 9583730

• Bcl-2 protein in synovial sarcoma cells was detected in the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and mitochondrial circumference. Based on the finding of pre-embedding immunoelectron-microscopy observation, the distribution of Bcl-2 protein in such membranous organella was patchy. PMID: 9503467

Function

• Bcl-2 has a dual role as both a protector and a killer and that the ability to switch roles depends on Bcl-2 subcellular localization. Bcl-2 localized at the mitochondria functions as an anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2 localized at the nucleus functions as pro-apoptotic protein. PMID: 17090549

• Bcl-2 can block cytotoxicity associated with apoptosis-inducing levels of oxidative stress, it does not protect the cells from the stress itself. PMID: 17434928

• Bcl-2 seems to have multiple roles in modulating osteoblast activities. PMID: 17308993

• bcl-2 is required for the proper regulation of cell adhesive and migratory mechanisms, perhaps through modulation of the cellular microenvironment. PMID: 17133361

• is well known to play an important role in the chemoresistance of breast cancer. PMID: 17119350

• overexpression of Bcl-2 in adult rat brain enhances neurogenesis and survival of newborn neurons. PMID: 16996745

• overexpression of Bcl-2 in U937 cells dramatically increased the capability of these cells to sustain a fully productive infection, while protecting against apoptosis induced by HSV-2. PMID: 16950491

• the present study describes a novel function of Bcl-2 in regulating cell shape through reduced ERK activation. PMID: 16914120

• Bcl-2 is a key regulator for the retinoic acid-induced apoptotic cell death in neuroblastoma. PMID: 16568081

• Adenoviral overexpression of human Bcl-2 protein limits I/R injury in rat lung isografts. PMID: 15818317

• Bcl-2 expression increased survival after ischemia/reperfusion in rat liver transplantation, potentially through protection of sinusoidal lining cells. PMID: 15808669

• Bcl-2 is an important effector of heart fibroblast resistance to apoptosis and highlight a probable mechanism for promoting survival advantage in fibroblasts of cardiac origin. PMID: 15184368

• plays an important role in melanoma angiogenesis. PMID: 12205045

• Bcl-2 protein may play a critical role in modulating apoptotic cell desquamation in the human corneal epithelium. PMID: 11446775

Diagnostic & Therapeutic Value

• Bcl-2 staining can be recommended for primary differentiation between reactive hyperplasia and NHL. PMID: 15669024

• Monitoring BCL-2 expression may facilitate prognosis of the progress and ultimate severity of oral cavity hyperplasias. PMID: 17325632

• Bcl-2 expression in addition to prostate-specific antigen measurement before treatment could identify hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) patients who may benefit from taxane-based chemotherapy. PMID: 17062688

• Bcl-2 is an independent predictor of breast cancer outcome and seems to be useful as a prognostic adjunct to the NPI, particularly in the first 5 years after diagnosis. PMID: 16638854

• expression of bcl-2 is a marker of breast cancers with reduced capability of distant colonization, even in presence of LVI, and may be particularly useful in the clinical setting, allowing to identify a subset of patients with an high risk of relapse. PMID: 16541314

• Bcl-2 and bax expression appears to be associated with a risk factor in the progression of oral cancer. PMID: 16309543

• the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 is overexpressed in alveolar lymphocytes and macrophages, which characterize the alveolitis in sarcoidosis and could provide insights into the pathogenesis of the disease and prove useful as a marker of disease activity or response to therapy. PMID: 16195666

• Overexpression of the Bcl-2 protein was associated with a favorable prognostic factor for survival in lung cancer patients, especially nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. PMID: 15965276

• Predicting radioresistance, using bcl-2, would allow the clinician to recommend conservative laryngeal surgery as an alternative first line treatment to radiotherapy. PMID: 15928664

• Expression of bcl-2 in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (CHL) is a useful, independent prognostic marker and can be used in association with clinical parameters to identify newly diagnosed patients with a good, intermediate, or poor prognosis. PMID: 15809450

• Bcl-2 protein expression correlates with better prognosis in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PMID: 15274378

• Patients with bcl-2 positive tumors may comprise a favorable prognostic subgroup in pN2 non-small cell lung cancer. PMID: 14511612

• patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma with positive expression of the 27-kD protein bcl-2, either in the uninvolved lung or in uninvolved lung and/or tumor, were found to have significantly poorer postresection survival. PMID: 12833466

• positive Bcl-2 expression may be a valuable factor supplementing the established unfavorable histopathological features of oral squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 12817880

• Bcl-2 is an independent prognostic factor and adds to a biological model for predicting outcome in operable non-small cell lung cancer. PMID: 11714539

• enhanced bcl-2 expression, specifically in Dukes' B colon carcinomas, is associated with improved survival. Thus, patients whose tumors do not express bcl-2 should be considered for adjuvant therapy. PMID: 11456053

• bcl-2 overexpression is a marker of what is considered to be more advanced and aggressive disease yet it is associated with a more favorable outcome irrespective of the treatment schedule. PMID: 11173138

• the expression of Bcl-2 is useful in determining prognosis before pathologic-clinical staging and it can aid in selection of treatment after evaluation of diagnostic biopsy specimens of patients with distal colorectal adenocarcinomas. PMID: 11008204

• bcl-2 can be a possible predictor of response to chemotherapy and prognosis in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma. PMID: 10615232

• overexpression of Bcl-2 is independently associated with a reduced-survival in patients with invasive tumors. PMID: 10050992

• The expression of bcl-2 and the high apoptotic fraction were concluded to be important prognostic factors of survival in patients with advanced gastric cancer. PMID: 9677457

Review Articles

• Role of Bcl-2 family members in anoxia induced cell death. PMID: 17377500

• Bcl-2 expression and apoptosis in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cells. PMID: 17325844

• The Bcl-2 apoptotic switch in cancer development and therapy. PMID: 17322918

• Bcl-2 protein family: implications in vascular apoptosis and atherosclerosis. PMID: 16951924

• Bcl-2 family members and apoptosis, taken to heart. PMID: 16943242

• Targeting the Bcl-2 family in cancer therapy. PMID: 16890799

• BCL-2 in the crosshairs: tipping the balance of life and death. PMID: 16763614

• Apoptotic machinery: the Bcl-2 family proteins in the role of inspectors and superintendents. PMID: 16696437

• The Bcl-2 protein family and its role in the development of neoplastic disease. PMID: 15288687

• The role of Bcl-2 family members in tumorigenesis. PMID: 14996506

• Bcl-2 family regulation of neuronal development and neurodegeneration. PMID: 14996503

• Role of Bcl-2 family members in immunity and disease. PMID: 14996502

• Bcl-2 family members and disease. PMID: 14996501

• There is more to life and death than mitochondria: Bcl-2 proteins at the endoplasmic reticulum. PMID: 14996496

• Regulation of cell death in the lymphoid system by Bcl-2 family proteins. PMID: 14646344

• Bcl-2-family proteins and the role of mitochondria in apoptosis. PMID: 14644193

• The Bcl-2 family: roles in cell survival and oncogenesis. PMID: 14634621

• Bcl-2 on the endoplasmic reticulum: protecting the mitochondria from a distance. PMID: 14576343

• The role of the Bcl-2 protein family in cancer. PMID: 12654255

• Cell death regulation by the Bcl-2 protein family in the mitochondria. PMID: 12652643

• Bcl-2 family of proteins: life-or-death switch in mitochondria. PMID: 12418550

• Role of Bcl-2 family of proteins in malignancy. PMID: 12111869

• Bcl-2 family proteins and apoptosis. PMID: 12098757

• BCL-2 proteins: regulators of the mitochondrial apoptotic program. PMID: 11798037

Applications

ELISA

• Bcl-2 and Fas serum levels were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). PMID: 17034587

• Serum bcl-2 protein was determined by using ELISA. The baseline serum bcl-2 levels were significantly higher in patients with ovarian cancer than in the control group (p < 0.001). PMID: 16720921

• A commercially available ELISA was used for the estimation of bcl-2 levels, in 94 patients with different stages of colorectal cancer (CRC). PMID: 15655644

• Bcl-2 protein levels were determined by ELISA and semiquantitative Western Blotting in the frontal cortex of 20 human post-mortem brains. PMID: 10675772

Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA)

• Quantitation of bcl-2 protein in bladder cancer tissue by enzyme immunoassay: comparison with Western blot and immunohistochemistry. PMID: 9665419

• Serum bcl-2 and survivin levels were determined using enzyme immunometric assay (EIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). PMID: 15577328

Flow Cytometry (FC)

• Flow cytometric analysis of BCL-2 can distinguish small numbers of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells from B-cell precursors. PMID: 15384977

• strong bcl-2 expression as demonstrated with flow cytometry is correlated with FL (p<0.0001), and lymphomas with the t(14;18) (p<0.0001). PMID: 15359912

• In vitro determination of the apoptotic effect of heparin on lymphoblasts using DNA analysis and measurements of Fas and Bcl-2 proteins by flow cytometry. PMID: 15205081

• Intracellular detection of Bcl-2 and p53 proteins by flow cytometry: comparison of monoclonal antibodies and sample preparation protocols. PMID: 12597645

• bcl-2 expression by multicolor flow cytometric analysis assists in the diagnosis of follicular lymphoma in lymph node and bone marrow. PMID: 12520710

• Lymph node cell suspensions from 12 cases of FH and 17 cases of FL were analyzed by flow cytometry using a combined surface CD20 and intracellular bcl-2 staining. PMID: 10941341

• Apoptosis, bcl-2 expression, and proliferation in benign and malignant endometrial epithelium: An approach using multiparameter flow cytometry. PMID: 10739685

• Flow cytometric examination of DNA ploidy, p53 and bcl-2 expression in primary squamous epithelial pulmonary carcinoma. PMID: 10697433

• B cell compartments in multiple myeloma: flow cytometric analysis of their labelling indices and Bcl-2 protein expression. PMID: 9556184

• Comparative flow cytometric evaluation of bcl-2 oncoprotein in CD5+ and CD5- B-cell lymphoid chronic leukemias. PMID: 9407720

• Multiparameter flow-cytometric analysis of bcl-2 and Fas expression in normal and neoplastic hematopoiesis. PMID: 8816592

• Differential expression of BCL-2 oncoprotein and Fas antigen on normal peripheral blood and leukemic bone marrow cells. A flow cytometric analysis. PMID: 8870373

• Flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis and bcl-2 in primary breast carcinomas: clinical and biological implications. PMID: 8725660

• Flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis and bcl-2 in human solid neoplasms. PMID: 7664626

• Flow cytometric detection of the mitochondrial BCL-2 protein in normal and neoplastic human lymphoid cells. PMID: 1633729

• In normal bone marrow (n=11), bcl-2 expression obtained by quantitative multiparametric flow cytometry was highly variable. PMID: 14724650

• Flow cytometric expression of bcl-2 protein was analyzed in 67 newly diagnosed acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) patients using an anti-bcl-2 monoclonal antibody by direct immunofluorescence technique. PMID: 12097997

• we used flow cytometry to examine the expression of bcl-2 in T lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of 23 patients with laryngeal carcinoma and 20 healthy controls. PMID: 10456279

Immunoblotting (IB)

• Purification of primary malignant B-cells and immunoblot analysis of bcl-2 family proteins. PMID: 15998961

• Immunoblot analysis of cellular expression of Bcl-2 family proteins, Bcl-2, Bax, Bcl-X and Mcl-1, in human peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues. PMID: 8580080

• Using a left inguinal surgical incision, a 1-cm section of ISV was resected from each patient in both groups as specimens for immunoblotting and immunohistochemical staining of Bcl-2. PMID: 17475608

Immunocytochemistry (ICC)

• Bcl-2 expression in sequential biopsies of potentially malignant oral mucosal lesions assessed by immunocytochemistry. PMID: 11002415

• Discrepancies between detection of Bcl-2 by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry in human prostate cancer tissues. PMID: 9842970

• Immunocytochemical detection of bcl-2 and p53 proteins in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. PMID: 12584586

• Cytological analysis and immunocytochemical expression of Ki67 and Bcl-2 in breast proliferative lesions. PMID: 12168948

• Expression of p53 and bcl-2 proteins in acute leukemias: an immunocytochemical study. PMID: 11949843

• bcl-2 automated and quantitative immunocytochemical assays in breast carcinomas: correlation with 10-year follow-up. PMID: 9626199

• Cytologic features of synovial sarcoma with emphasis on the monophasic fibrous variant: a morphologic and immunocytochemical analysis of bcl-2 protein expression. PMID: 9500652

• Automated and quantitative immunocytochemical assays of Bcl-2 protein in breast carcinomas.  PMID: 9252201

• Immunocytochemical localization of BCL-2 protein in human breast cancers and its relationship to a series of prognostic markers and response to endocrine therapy. PMID: 7960234

• An immunocytochemical study of p53 and bcl-2 protein expression in Hodgkin's disease. PMID: 8322700

Immuno-Electron Microscopy (IEM)

• Localization of the Bcl-2 protein to the outer mitochondrial membrane by electron microscopy. PMID: 7493635

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

• The immunohistochemical expression of Bcl-2 protein was evaluated in a series of 249 invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast. PMID: 16839413

• By means of immunohistochemistry we estimated the level of overexpression of bcl-2 proteins in a series of the 26 formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded samples of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). PMID: 17404013

• Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of p53 and Bcl-2 family members in 54 archival mesothelioma samples (39 epithelial, 15 sarcomatoid tumours). PMID: 16760181

• Expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax were examined in paraffin blocks of liver biopsy materials by means of immunohistochemical-staining. PMID: 17710676

• Lack of CD117 and rare bcl-2 expression in stomach cancer by immunohistochemistry. An immunohistochemical study with review of the literature. PMID: 16759362

• Scoring of p53, VEGF, Bcl-2 and APAF-1 immunohistochemistry and interobserver reliability in colorectal cancer. PMID: 16741523

• Paraffin-embedded cervical cancer tissues of cases and controls were immunohistochemical stained for bcl-2. PMID: 16483641

• Bcl-2 expression in the archival materials of 31 patients with papillary thyroid cancer was examined with immunohistochemical methods using bcl-2 and p-53 stains. PMID: 16438077

• Immunohistochemistry of p53, Bcl-2, and Ki-67 as predictors of chemosensitivity. PMID: 15901938

• The use of Bcl-2 and PTHLH immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of peripheral chondrosarcoma in a clinicopathological setting. PMID: 15744499

• p53 and bcl-2 immunohistochemistry in preoperative biopsies as predictors of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. PMID: 11849156

• Bcl-2, Bcl-x, and Bax expression by immunohistochemistry in inclusion body myositis: a study of 27 cases. PMID: 11570908

• Bcl-2 and bax immunohistochemistry in denervation-reinnervation and necrosis-regeneration of rat skeletal muscles. PMID: 11102910

• p53 and bcl-2 immunohistochemistry in pretreatment prostate needle biopsies to predict recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. PMID: 10569564

• Extracerebellar primitive neuroectodermal tumors: A clinicopathologic study with bcl-2 and CD99 immunohistochemistry. PMID: 10556473

• Preoperative p53, bcl-2, CD44 and E-cadherin immunohistochemistry as predictors of biochemical relapse after radical prostatectomy. PMID: 10081877

• Necrosis and apoptosis of tumor cells in embolized meningiomas: histopathology and P53, BCL-2, CD-68 immunohistochemistry. PMID: 10464427

• Distinction of basaloid carcinoma of the prostate from benign basal cell lesions by using immunohistochemistry for bcl-2 and Ki-67. PMID: 9865831

• Bcl-2 immunohistochemistry in a surgical series of non-small cell lung cancer patients. PMID: 9445135

• Detection of bcl-2 protein and bcl-2 messenger RNA in normal and neoplastic lymphoid tissues by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. PMID: 1391959

• Immunohistochemical expression of bcl-2 in UICC stage I and III colorectal carcinoma patients: correlation with c-erbB-2, p53, ki-67, CD44, laminin and collagen IV in evaluating prognostic significance. PMID: 17219742

• Immunohistochemical expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-x, and Bax in follicular carcinomas of the thyroid. PMID: 17122638

• Immunohistochemical analysis of the antiapoptotic Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 proteins in follicular lymphoma. PMID: 16487175

• Immunohistochemical expression of bcl-2 in Dukes' stage B and C colorectal carcinoma patients: correlation with p53 and ki-67 in evaluating prognostic significance. PMID: 16477877

• Bax and Bcl-2 protein expression in gastric precancerous lesions: immunohistochemical study. PMID: 16246184

• Evaluation of the apoptosis-related proteins of the BCL-2 family in the traumatic penumbra area of the rat model of cerebral contusion, treated by hyperbaric oxygen therapy: a quantitative immunohistochemical study. PMID: 16001273

• Immunohistochemical expression of Bax and Bcl-2 in penile carcinoma. PMID: 15830715

• Immunohistochemical expression of Bcl-2, Ki-67, and p21 in patients with papillary thyroid cancer. PMID: 15756057

• Immunohistochemical analysis of expression of bcl-2 protein in papillary carcinomas and papillary microcarcinomas of the thyroid gland. PMID: 15627060

• Attenuation of ischemia and/or reperfusion injury during myocardial infarction using mild hypothermia in rats: an immunohistochemical study of Bcl-2, Bax, Bak and TUNEL. PMID: 15598311

• Immunohistochemical analysis of Bcl-2 and Bax oncoproteins in rabbit craniomandibular joint. PMID: 14693208

• Immunohistochemical localization of Bcl-2 in the spinal cords of rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. PMID: 12819378

• Expression of bcl-2 oncoprotien in oral squamous cell carcinoma--an immunohistochemical study. PMID: 12785167

• Expression of bcl-2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study of 90 cases with clinico-pathological correlations. PMID: 12579259

• Bcl-2 immunohistochemical detection in prostate cancer. PMID: 12533968

• Immunohistochemical demonstration of apoptosis-regulated proteins, Bcl-2 and Bax, in resected non-small-cell lung cancers. PMID: 12109516

• Bcl-2 expression as a novel immunohistochemical marker for ruptured tubal ectopic pregnancy. PMID: 11387307

• Immunohistochemical analysis of Bcl-2 protein in early squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus treated with photodynamic therapy. PMID: 10646898

• Immunohistochemical analysis of bcl-2 family proteins in benign and malignant ameloblastomas. PMID: 10478958

• The immunohistochemical expression of BCL-2 oncoprotein in colorectal adenocarcinoma. PMID: 10452254

• Immunohistochemical analysis of BCL-2 protein expression in renal cell carcinoma. PMID: 10411096

• Clinical significance of immunohistochemical Bcl-2 expression in invasive breast carcinoma. PMID: 10203594

• Immunohistochemical evaluation of Bcl-2 gene family expression in liver of hepatitis C and cirrhotic patients: a novel mechanism to explain the high incidence of hepatocarcinoma in cirrhotics. PMID: 9934751

• Immunohistochemical analysis of proteins of the Bcl-2 family in pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis: association of Bcl-2 expression with hormone receptor status. PMID: 9786350

• Immunohistochemical evaluation of bcl-2 oncoprotein in oral dysplasia and carcinoma. PMID: 9638703

• Immunohistochemical demonstration of bcl-2 protein in ameloblastoma. PMID: 9379422

• Immunohistochemical expression of bcl-2 protein in squamous cell carcinoma and basaloid carcinoma of the esophagus. PMID: 9306579

• Immunohistochemical analysis of Bcl-2 family proteins in adenocarcinomas of the stomach. PMID: 8909234

• Immunohistochemical detection of bcl-2 protein in adenocarcinoma and non-neoplastic cellular compartments of the lung. PMID: 8733771

• Immunohistochemical analysis of bcl-2 expression in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. PMID: 8707954

• Topographical immunohistochemical expression of bcl-2 protein in human liver lesions. PMID: 8687162

• Bcl-2 distribution in neuroepithelial tumors: an immunohistochemical study. PMID: 8699231

• Immunohistochemical detection of bcl-2 protein in thymoma. PMID: 8522289

• Immunohistochemical evaluation of bcl-2 protein expression in gastric adenocarcinomas. PMID: 7712429

• Immunohistochemical expression of BCL-2 in melanomas and intradermal nevi. PMID: 7868749

• Immunohistochemical demonstration of bcl-2 protein in human tooth germs. PMID: 7524469

• Immunohistochemical detection of bcl-2 protein in normal and pathological human liver. PMID: 8129031

• Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were treated with anti-bcl-2 antibody (Dako No M0887). Immunolocalization of the bcl-2 oncoprotein was performed using the labeled streptavidin biotin (LSAB) method. PMID: 11669559

• bcl-2 expression was examined on paraffin-embedded specimens in proliferative, hyperplastic, and neoplastic human endometrium by immunohistochemistry. PMID: 9929161

• the expression and prognostic role of the bcl-2 protein was investigated immunohistochemically in 413 curatively resected gastric carcinomas. PMID: 9891543

• We have analysed the expression of bcl-2 protein retrospectively in 34 primary male breast carcinomas (MBC), using the monoclonal antibody bcl-2 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. PMID: 9769126

• An immunohistochemical study to determine the pattern of immunoreactivity for bcl-2 oncoprotein was performed in 380 spindle cell tumors of soft tissue, skin, serosal surfaces, and gastrointestinal tract. PMID: 9669348

• Immunohistochemical staining for bcl-2 protein (MoAB clone 124) was performed on operative tissue specimens from 22 patients with carcinoma in situ of the cervix and from 137 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma. PMID: 9465813

Western Blotting (WB)

• Bcl-2 expression of experimental group was much higher than that of control group, which was illustrated by Western blotting. PMID: 17026859

• Bcl-2 and Bax expression in thyroid tumours. An immunohistochemical and western blot analysis. PMID: 9083515

• Quantitative fluorescence cytometric analysis of Bcl-2 levels in tumor cells exhibiting a wide range of inherent Bcl-2 protein expression: correlation with Western blot analysis. PMID: 10918285

• Quantitation of bcl-2 protein in bladder cancer tissue by enzyme immunoassay: comparison with Western blot and immunohistochemistry. PMID: 9665419

• Ceramide 2 (N-acetyl sphingosine) is associated with reduction in Bcl-2 protein levels by Western blotting and with apoptosis in cultured human keratinocytes. PMID: 10971319

• The expression of the proapoptotic protein bax and the antiapoptotic proteins bcl-2 and bcl-xL was investigated by Western blot in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra of pure and common DLB forms. PMID: 17641817

• Expression of death receptors, Bcl-2 family members, and NF-kappaB inhibitor (IkappaB) were determined by western blot. PMID: 16357615

• The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax was assessed by immunohistochemical method and Western blot. PMID: 14555326