CD31 (PECAM-1) Antibody Review

 

 

 

Introduction

Normal Expression

  • localized in cell membranes and the membranes of intracytoplasmic vacuoles. PMID: 16594742

  • expressed in endothelial cells, megakaryocytes, platelets, monocytes, granulocytes, occasional plasma cells, lymphocytes (marginal zone B-cells, peripheral T-cells), neutrophils, and most leukocytes. PMID: 16848986, PMID: 16518857, PMID: 1700999, PMID: 1723542, PMID: 1796415, PMID: 1537603

  • strongly expressed in fenestrated endothelium of the glomeruli in kidney, alveolar wall capillaries of the lung, but diffusely positive in sinusoids of the spleen and liver. PMID: 16234507

  • multivacuolated and univacuolated adipocytes of normal brown fat and hibernomas are intensely positive for the CD31 antigen. PMID: 16594742

  • 2.5 times more CD31 was expressed on the luminal surface of cells than on the abluminal surface in human placental endothelial cells. PMID: 16670105

  • not found in normal adipocytes of white fat, in neoplastic cells of lipomas, or in multivacuolated lipoblasts of well-differentiated and myxoid liposarcomas. PMID: 16594742

  • results indicate a constitutive expression of PECAM-1 in undifferentiated murine embryonic stem (ES) cells and suggest a developmental role of PECAM-1 isoform changes during vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. PMID: 15786495

  • expressed strongly at endothelial cell-cell junctions, on platelets, and on most leukocytes. PMID: 10072554, PMID: 9446823

  • PECAM-1/CD31 was present mainly on luminal surfaces and at the junctions between endothelial cells. PMID: 10950884

  • CD31 is distributed over the entire endothelial cell surface, exclusive of specialized junctions, and in VVOs, but is not equally accessible to different antibodies in all locations. PMID: 14688220

  • highly expressed on the surface of immature bone marrow mast cells and at a lower density on mature peritoneal mast cells. PMID: 12055265

  • CD31 expression is very common in macrophages. PMID: 11688576

  • PECAM-1/CD31 is a cell adhesion and signaling molecule that is enriched at the endothelial cell junctions. PMID: 10982404

  • CD31 proved constantly expressed by HEC at high levels, independent of the organ or tissue analyzed or of the kind of vessel. PMID: 9795836

  • strongly expressed in extramedullary reactive plasma cells, focally in bone marrow reactive plasma cells, and occasionally in extramedullary plasmacytomas. PMID: 9378815

  • PECAM expression within the CNS is confined to endothelial cells of the blood brain barrier (BBB). PMID: 8892086

  • CD31 is a maturation marker expressed on the great majority of naive CD45RO- CD4 T cells and on a subset of CD45RO+ CD4 T cells that are at an intermediate stage of maturation. PMID: 8707335

Expression Alteration

  • CD31 expression is significantly decreased on dermal cellular infiltrate in psoriatic lesions after methotrexate treatment. PMID: 16215763

  • ligustrazine enhances the CD31 expression on the surface of bone marrow nuclear cells (BMNC). PMID: 16463659

  • TGF-beta3 increases the level of CD31 expression. PMID: 16323168

  • The CD31 expression in tumor is significantly associated with LVSI and tumor size in patients with early-stage squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. PMID: 16681757

  • plasma levels of CD31+EMP were reduced following treatment with IFN-beta-1a so it may be used as a surrogate marker of response to therapy with INF-beta-1a. PMID: 16952316

  • kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus K5 removes CD31/PECAM from endothelial cells. PMID: 16601245

  • there is a close correlation between the expressions of VEGFR-3, CD31 and tumor metastases. PMID: 16044920

  • the expression of PECAM-1 is sharply down-regulated during early ES cell differentiation. PMID: 15786495

  • degradation of PECAM-1 by gingipains contributes to increased vascular permeability and neutrophil flux at disease sites. PMID: 15731036

  •  CD31-positive blood vessels were increased in Menetrier's tissue. (P<0.05). PMID: 16964406

  • abnormal increases of soluble levels of adhesion molecules implicated in endothelial cell junctions in polymyositis PM (sCD146, sPECAM-1). PMID: 16881117

  • CD31-immunostaining of tumor sections revealed three-fold (FaDu) and two-fold (A253) reductions in microvessel density (MVD) 24 hours after DMXAA treatment. PMID: 16867215

  • VEGF increases the proportions of cells expressing endothelial (CD31) and smooth muscle (alpha smooth muscle actin) markers. PMID: 16831171

  • CD31 and vascular endothelial growth factor expression were decreased following interleukin-12 (IL-12) gene therapy using an Ewing's sarcoma animal model in T-cell-deficient nude mice. PMID: 16763609

  • CD31 immunohistochemistry revealed that the tumor-associated angiogenesis was also highly attenuated in soluble Flk-1-treated mice. PMID: 16763608

  • The expressions of p53, Ki-67, and CD31 were significantly higher in both the histologically positive (cervical tumor) and negative (vaginal margins) tissues of patients who had undergone radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer compared to the benign control tissues. PMID: 15581977

  • PECAM-1 expression was significantly increased on irradiated HMVEC-L and remained elevated at 21 days. PMID: 15550034, PMID: 10073961

  • ligustrazine enhances CD31 expression in bone marrow cells after syngenic bone marrow transplantation of mice. PMID: 15363138

  • Proteolytic cleavage of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/CD31) is regulated by a calmodulin-binding motif. PMID: 15196923

  • The percentage of CD31+ T cells decreases after open but not laparoscopic surgery. PMID: 12618938

  • cytokine activation induced loss and redistribution of PECAM-1 and JAM away from lateral junctions, but per se does not negatively regulate either neutrophil or monocyte transmigration under flow. PMID: 11733377

  • CD31 expression on leukocytes is downregulated in vivo during hemodialysis. PMID: 11549897

  • CD31 expression is a feature acquired by breast cancer cells in the DCIS model. CD31 expression mainly correlates with tumour cells spreading within the ductal system. PMID: 11400156

  • The decrease in the level of expression of CD31 on days 3 and 5 after delivery was significant during lung development in the rat. PMID: 11340261

  • Irradiation induces expression of CD31 in human microvascular endothelial cells. PMID: 11131637

  • PECAM-1 appears on the cell surface at the naive B-cell stage and is lost as B cells differentiate into memory cells, indicating that PECAM-1 is primarily involved in naive or immature B-cell function. PMID: 11019910

  • platelet agonists collagen, convulxin, and thrombin induce tyrosine phosphorylation of CD31. PMID: 10858437

  • Endothelial cell retraction during IB4-mediated activation of PAECs is associated with rapid loss of CD31 and VE-cadherin from cell junctions. PMID: 10515388

  • Expression of PECAM-1 by tumor cells in glioblastomas and anaplastic oligodendrogliomas may favour angiogenesis by specific PECAM-1 interactions between glial and endothelial cells. PMID: 10448867

  • Regulation of the expression of PECAM-1 with the subsequent functional implications seems to be dependent upon the IFNgamma signal and it is unaffected by IL-10. PMID: 10213905

  • Microvascular endothelium of human tumor xenografts expresses mouse (= host) CD31. PMID: 9272464

  • IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha induce redistribution of PECAM-1 (CD31) on human endothelial cells. PMID: 7759892

Function

  • a key mediator of the transendothelial migration of leukocytes. PMID: 10072554

  • CD31 is a reliable marker of endothelial differentiation. PMID: 9728613

  • CD31 (PECAM-1) exists as a dimer and is heavily N-glycosylated. PMID: 10425179

  • endothelial-junction-associated proteins. PMID: 10487846

  • CD31 is involved in adhesion and signal transduction mediated in part by phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues within the ITAM domain of PECAM-1 and by recruitment of adapter and signaling molecules. PMID: 10858437, PMID: 10801826, PMID: 10395658

  • marker for endothelial differentiation among epithelioid and spindled-pleomorphic human neoplasms. PMID: 10937044

  • Antibodies directed against PECAM-1 have been shown to affect angiogenesis, endothelial cell migration, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte transmigration. PMID: 10880378

  • PECAM-1 plays a role in modulating thrombosis. PMID: 10880378

  • CD31 homophilic interactions between phagocyte and target cells lead to activation of phagocyte alpha5beta1 integrin and the engulfment of apoptotic Jurkat T lymphocytes via a fibronectin (Fn) "bridge." PMID: 16551678

  • a novel target of K5 (The transmembrane ubiquitin ligase K5/MIR2 of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV). PMID: 16601245

  • plays a role in thrombosis and angiogenesis. PMID: 16848986

  • cells isolated by anti-CD31 and immunomagnetic sorting lacked the hallmark features of sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC). PMID: 16782698

  • Circulating CD31+ T cells regulates human T cell activation. PMID: 15933243

  • Reduced CD31+ T cells in circulating blood is a hallmark of atherosclerotic plaque thrombosis, suggesting that CD31+ T cells may play an important regulatory role in the development of plaque thrombosis. PMID: 15933243

  • circulating CD4+/CD31+ T cells regulate macrophage and CD8+ T cell activation and effector function in the arterial wall. PMID: 16357310

  • CD31 genotype may influence the function of donor-derived leukocytes and may be informative when there is a choice of comparable donors. PMID: 15908974

  • PECAM-1 may not function as a major mechanoreceptor for activation of MAPK and AKT in ECs. PMID: 15668248

  • mediates apoptosis, cell proliferation, and migration and maintains endothelial integrity in addition to its roles as a modulator of lymphocyte and platelet signaling and facilitator of neutrophil transmigration. PMID: 15632011

  • CD31 is necessary for maintenance of endothelial integrity and prevention of apoptosis during septic shock and for STAT3-mediated acute phase responses that promote survival during septic shock. PMID: 15632011

  • CD31 regulates direction and rate of neutrophil migration over and under endothelial cells. PMID: 14566092

  • CD31 expression reverts the undifferentiated morphology and aggressive behavior of MDA-MB-231 cells, indicating its active role in the morphogenesis of breast ductal in situ carcinomas. PMID: 12651608

  • CD31-bright cells may be precursor cells for endothelial cells. PMID: 12599215     

  • PECAM-1 expression by donor endothelial cells attenuates the development of transplant arteriosclerosis, possibly by affecting macrophage infiltration. PMID: 12451264

  • PECAM-1 (CD31) homophilic interaction up-regulates alpha6beta1 on transmigrated neutrophils in vivo and plays a functional role in the ability of alpha6 integrins to mediate leukocyte migration through the perivascular basement membrane. PMID: 12417630

  • CD31-mediated detachment was disabled in apoptotic leukocytes, promoting tight binding and macrophage ingestion of dying cells. PMID: 12110892

  • PECAM-1 acts as a counterregulator in allergic disease susceptibility and severity and negatively modulates mast cell activation. PMID: 12055265

  • Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/CD31) acts as a regulator of B-cell development, B-cell antigen receptor (BCR)-mediated activation, and autoimmune disease. PMID: 12070026

  • PECAM-1 (CD31) regulates a hydrogen peroxide-activated nonselective cation channel in endothelial cells. PMID: 11927609

  • PECAM-1 (CD31) might play an important role in regulating antigen-specific T cells trafficking in CNS inflammatory diseases. PMID: 11487054

  • signaling through CD31 on endothelial cells leads to protection from apoptosis in association with up-regulation of two protective molecules, A20 and A1. PMID: 11233910

  • CD31 is not critically involved in blood cell thrombus formation upon endothelial cell injury. PMID: 11204568

  • formation of metastatic foci of osteosarcoma cells in other bones is regulated by CD31. PMID: 11169148

  • CD31-expressing T cells might contribute to the establishment and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. PMID: 11160294

  • PECAM-1 can function as a reservoir for, and modulator of, tyrosine phosphorylated beta-catenin, and prevent beta-catenin nuclear translocation in transfected SW480 colon carcinoma cells. PMID: 10462517

  • PECAM-1 can dampen signals transduced by ITAM-containing receptors and support inclusion of PECAM-1 within the family of ITIM-containing inhibitors of PTK-dependent signal transduction. PMID: 10395658

  • PECAM-1 homophilic interactions play an important role in interendothelial cell adhesion, survival and signaling. PMID: 10343075

  • CD31 is involved in transbasement membrane migration, but does not play an obligatory role in either vascular development or leukocyte migration. PMID: 10072554

  • Ligation of CD31/PECAM-1 modulates the function of lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils. PMID: 9645377

  • CD38 binding to human myeloid cells is mediated by mouse and human CD31. PMID: 9494077

  • PECAM-1 is neither expressed nor inducible in hepatic sinusoids and is consequently not involved in neutrophil transmigration in the liver during endotoxemia. PMID: 9575861

  • PECAM-1/CD31 is a virulence-associated endothelial receptor of P. falciparum-infected RBCs. PMID: 9396614

  • PECAM-1 is involved in angiogenesis and suggest that the interactions of endothelial cell-cell adhesion molecules are important in the formation of new vessels. PMID: 9284815

  • cadherin 5, CD31, beta-catenin, and F-actin shape a functional complex that controls endothelial cell tube formation. PMID: 9120301

  • CD31 molecule has an important functional role in T-cell activation in vitro and in vivo. PMID: 9028970

  • interaction of CD31 with a heterophilic counterreceptor on T lymphocytes can interfere with a positive regulatory pathway of T cell activation, or directly signal T cells to downregulate immune function. PMID: 8691148

Images

Applications

Electron Microscopy

  • Ultrastructural localization of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1, CD31) in vascular endothelium. PMID: 14688220

  • ultrastructural immunohistochemical evaluation of the localization of PECAM-1/CD31 and its developmentally regulated expression in the periphery of the lungs of fetal, newborn, and adult rats. PMID: 10950884

  • Ultrastructural studies of PECAM-1/CD31 expression in the developing mouse blood-brain barrier with the application of a pre-embedding technique. PMID: 9595851

ELISA

  • Endothelial PECAM-1 expression was determined by cell-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on human microvascular EC from lung (HMVEC-L) up to 21 days after a 10 Gy irradiation. PMID: 15550034

  • Serum sCD31 levels from 70 patients with SSc were examined by ELISA. PMID: 11708419

Flow cytometry

  • CD31(+) cells were measured with flow cytometry. PMID: 16800944

  • Flow cytometry was used to investigate the surface expression of CD31, an adhesion molecule involved in B-cell development and vascular adhesion mechanisms. PMID: 15065759

  • Using flow cytometry, peripheral blood samples from 120 patients with B-CLL were analyzed for CD31 and CD38 expression on CD19 positive leukemic B cells. PMID: 12673718

  • CD31+ T cells were assessed by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies. PMID: 12618938

  • whether malignant PC co-express CD38 and CD31 has been investigated by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. PMID: 10233418

Immunofluorescence

  • using confocal immunofluorescence microscopy that PECAM-1 is first detected in the mouse blastocyst, which contains no vascular cells, and its expression is restricted to the pluripotent inner cell mass (ICM) cells. PMID: 11397002

Immunohistochemistry

  • CD31 antibody was used to determine mean microvessel density, high microvessel density, and microvessel area. PMID: 16966439

  • quantification of intra-tumor microvessels between HFCDUS and immunohistochemistry is correlated using an anti-CD31 antibody. PMID: 16943854

  • microvessel density assessed by CD31 immunohistochemistry. PMID: 16928815

  • localization of lymphatic vessels using CD31 in human and mouse skeletal muscle with immunohistochemistry. PMID: 16924525

  • CD31+ capillaries were abundant throughout the tumour (renal cell carcinoma, RCC) and human renal lymphatics. PMID: 16918973

  • CD31 in mesenteric tissue were studied by immunohistochemistry. PMID: 16911473

  • microvessel density (MVD) was assessed by CD31 immunohistochemistry. PMID: 16909595, PMID: 16784989, PMID: 16773076, PMID: 16685437, PMID: 16630504

  • vascular surface density (VSD) and number of microvessels (NVES) were assessed using CD31 antibody. PMID: 16868697

  • capillary supply was assessed by immunohistochemistry using anti-PECAM-1/CD31 antibody. PMID: 16866781

  • expression of p53, p21, Cyclin A and CD31 was measured semi-quantitatively. PMID: 16865241

  • Excised xenograft tumors and primary human lung adenocarcinomas (n = 24) were subjected to immunohistochemistry with antibodies to the endothelial cell marker CD31. PMID: 16849681

  • Antiangiogenesis in vivo was determined by CD31 immunohistochemistry. PMID: 16799469

  • All angiosarcomas reacted partially positive for factor-VIII-related antigen and CD31. PMID: 16788797

  • Tumor microvessel formation was analyzed by immunohistochemistry using antibody to CD31 in a syngeneic mammary cancer model. PMID: 16757700

  • Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that liposomal quercetin inhibited tumor angiogenesis as assessed by CD31. PMID: 16707620

  • CD31 to study the role of lymphangiogenesis in epithelial ovarian cancer. PMID: 16685274

  • Immunohistochemistry of the neoplastic tissue indicated angiosarcoma based on expression of CD31 and factor VIII-related antigen. PMID: 16674722

  • Hem- and lymphangiogenesis were evaluated using double immunohistochemistry of corneas with CD31/PECAM1 as panendothelial and LYVE-1 as lymphatic endothelial marker. PMID: 16670483

  • Spatial relationships between endothelium and astrocyte processes were studied by confocal laser microscopy, using an anti-CD31 antibody as a marker of endothelial cells, and anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) as a marker of glial cells. PMID: 16650610

  • evaluate CD31 and CD105 immunohistochemical expressions in tissue microarrays from 360 breast carcinomas. PMID: 15355911

  • Immunohistochemical analysis of CD31, CD36, and CD44 antigens in human omentum. PMID: 15048167

  • Detection of tumour lymphovascular space invasion using dual cytokeratin and CD31 immunohistochemistry. PMID: 14514787

  • CD31 staining in epithelioid sarcoma. PMID: 12743818

  • CD31 may be a useful nonlysosomal marker of macrophages and their neoplastic counterparts (true histiocytic sarcomas). PMID: 12653580

  • The expression of CD31 in CCMs can be underestimated in paraffin sections. There does not seem to be a unique phenotypic differentiation of CD31 expression in ECs of CCMs or AVMs, compared with control brain tissue. PMID: 11844241

  • Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of CD31 during lung development in the rat. PMID: 11340261

  • Immunohistochemical staining for CD9, CD31 and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)was performed in breast carcinoma specimens. PMID: 11091638

  • CD31 proved constantly expressed by HEC at high levels, independent of the organ or tissue analyzed or of the kind of vessel by immunohistochemistry method. PMID: 9795836

  • CD31 immunostaining may have a prognostic relevance in ovarian carcinoma but seems to be of limited value in borderline tumors. PMID: 9784332

  • immunohistochemical expression of CD31 is a significant prognostic indicator of overall and metastasis-free survival rates. PMID: 9128265

  • Immunostaining for CD31 and CD34 in Kaposi sarcoma. PMID: 8543622

  • Immunohistochemical detection of CD31 antigen in normal and neoplastic canine endothelial cells. PMID: 7593754