• a recessive tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 17p. PMID: 8126158

• a 53 kD phosphoprotein and gene product of the p53 gene. PMID: 9225141

• a tumor suppressor gene encoding a nuclear phosphoprotein that plays an important role in the control of normal cell proliferation. PMID: 10732866

• a tumour suppressor gene, which is mutated in more than half of all tumours. PMID: 17593631

• a transcription factor with sequence-specific DNA binding properties. PMID: 10725451

• a key player in the cellular response to stress conditions. PMID: 12824537

• a major regulator of cell cycle progression and apoptosis. PMID: 11668189

• The most frequently mutated tumor suppressor gene found in human cancer. PMID: 17301441

• a transcription factor that plays a key role in the prevention of cancer development. Mutation of the p53 gene is the most common genetic alteration in human cancer, affecting more than 50% of human tumors. PMID: 17419939

• play a role in malignant transformation. PMID: 1607637

• frequently mutated in highly proliferating carcinomas. PMID: 14989491

• essential for DNA damage-induced trophoblastic apoptosis. PMID: 17594519

• a fundamental determinant of cancer susceptibility and other age-related pathologies. PMID: 17310982

• plays a central role in the DNA damage response. PMID: 17031865

• p53 regulates cell growth and abnormal p53 immunophenotypic expression is associated with an unfavorable prognosis for patients with some types of carcinoma. PMID: 8625155

• a common target in carcinogenesis, reported to be altered and functionally inactive in 70% of human cancers. PMID: 15875732

• a vital anticancer gene, controls the transcription and translation of a series of genes, and implement the cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis by regulating their complicated signal pathways. PMID: 17512110

• The product of mutated p53 gene is a protein with abnormal conformation, impaired DNA binding, and a prolonged half life, the latter of which results in immunohistochemically detectable levels within nuclei of malignant cells. PMID: 12044054

• a tumour suppressor gene, is the most commonly mutated gene human cancer. PMID: 11820604

• mutated p53 is one of the most frequent gene abnormalities in human cancer. PMID: 11368097, PMID: 11193185

• The p53 gene is one of a family of tumor suppressor genes that have been implicated in the genesis of a wide variety of malignant neoplasms including Bowen's disease. PMID: 11244221

• one of tumor suppressor genes that play a major role in signal transduction following many kinds of stresses, including ionizing radiation. PMID: 9683807

• The p53 gene, which is located on human chromosome 17, encodes for a nuclear phosphoprotein and is thought to regulate cell growth and proliferation. PMID: 8958308

• p53 mutations are known to occur frequently in human cancers where they are considered to be an important event in the stepwise progression towards malignant transformation. PMID: 8714263

• The mutation of the p53 gene is a common phenomenon in numerous human tumors, leading to the accumulation of nonfunctioning p53 protein in the cell nucleus. PMID: 7579801

• Stabilization of the mutant p53 protein allows immunohistochemical analyses (IHC) to be routinely used to demonstrate the mutant p53 protein in tissue samples, whereas normal p53 protein is undetectable. PMID: 7610836

• The wild-type P53 protein, a product of the P53 gene, is a normal growth controlling protein. Mutation of the P53 gene generates a mutant P53 protein which promotes tumor formation through loss of growth suppression. PMID: 8223054

• p53 gene is a transcription factor essential for the prevention of cancer formation. The p53 pathway is ubiquitously lost in human cancer either by p53 gene mutation (60% of cancers) or by lost of cell signalling upstream and downstream of p53 in the remaining cancers expressing WTp53 gene. PMID: 17637683

• The p53 tumor suppressor gene, discovered some 30 years ago, has a key role in preventing cancer development. PMID: 17481900

• The p53 family comprises the tumor suppressor p53 and the structural homologs p63 and p73. PMID: 17045206

• The p53 gene is located on human chromosome 17p13.1 and comprises of 11 exons. PMID: 17041552

Normal Expression

• Recently, p53 expression has been demonstrated in normal murine tissues, including whole eye. We found strong cytoplasmic p53 expression in the corneal epithelium of various vertebrate species by immunohistochemistry and by Western analysis. High levels of cytoplasmic p53 protein were normally found in normal corneal epithelium of various vertebrate species. Hence, these data may indicate that p53 may have a new evolutionary significant function in the eye. PMID: 16376331

• p53 is expressed in both peripheral and central human corneal endothelium, although it is more highly expressed in the central endothelium. Similarly, TAp63 is more highly expressed in central rather than in peripheral endothelium. PMID: 15889017

• High levels of p53 protein are found in various normal murine ocular tissues, especially the corneal and conjunctival structures and the lens epithelium. Each of these tissues demonstrate unique patterns of staining. PMID: 12036973

• The wild type p53 protein has a short half-life and cannot be detected by immunohistochemistry on tissue sections. Mutated p53, on the other hand, has a prolonged half-life and becomes detectable by this method, so that its detection by immunohistochemistry in solid tumors is almost synonymous with mutation. PMID: 8057671

• association of p53 with the plasma membrane is a normal, rather than a transformation-related phenomenon, and is temporally linked to the period of mitosis. PMID: 3006339

• Detection of p53 immunoreactivity is uncommon in normal cells, but is frequently seen in neoplasia. PMID: 8038426

• Immunostaining of wild type p53 is demonstrable not only in its nuclear form using antibody PAb240 but also in it common cytoplasmic-perinuclear localisation in normal tissues using the PAb248 monoclonal antibody. This opens up new possibilities for its study in both physiological and pathological conditions. PMID: 8089212

• p53 protein was confined to the basal cell layer in normal oral mucosa and in the hyperplastic group. In the dysplastic group, it was expressed in the basal and suprabasal layer, whereas in invasive carcinoma, it was detected in central and peripheral regions. PMID: 17321451

• an accumulation of wild-type p53 protein occurs in gastric cancer cells and represents a stress-response mechanism that lowers metastatic potential. PMID: 10868700

• weak p53- and p21-nuclear reactivities were detectable in primary spermatocytes within normal seminiferous tubules. PMID: 10803982

• Normally, p53 protein degrades rapidly and is not detected by immunohistochemical procedure, but mutant p53 and wild-type p53 stabilized by certain viral oncoproteins can accumulate to immunohistochemically demonstrable levels. PMID: 8751332

• p53 protein was detected in the nuclei of a few trophoblastic cells, almost all belonging to the cytotrophoblast and only very few to the syncytiotrophoblast, in nearly all specimens investigated (first trimester 10/10, second trimester 5/5, third trimester 4/5). PMID: 7716122

• Results showed p53 to be expressed in all oral lichen planus (OLP) lesions and normal tissues (matched normal controls). PMID: 17418619

• DO7 antibody elicited strong nuclear staining in the mucosal cells of the small and large intestine, lymphoid cells, decidua, neurones such as Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, glandular epithelial cells and stromal cells of the prostate, cardiac myocytes and bronchial epithelial cells. Cytoplasmic staining was noted in Purkinje cells, glandular epithelium of prostate, exocrine pancreas and renal tubular epithelium. The 1801 antibody did not produce staining in any of these tissues. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates the presence of p53 in normal paraffin-embedded tissue with nuclear and/or cytoplasmic localization in some instances. In our view, DO7 appears to be better suited for such detection. PMID: 12493030

• On the proestrus day, p53 protein was predominantly detected in the glandular epithelium. However, on the estrus day, p53 protein was detected both in the nuclei and in the cytoplasm of luminal epithelial cells, predominantly in the cytoplasm. PMID: 11891915

• Positive immunoreaction for p53 was detected in six (20%) of the tissue samples in normal oral mucosa of heavy smokers. PMID: 11277333

Abnormal Expression

• In ovarian cancer, the rate of p53 mutation has been shown to be very high and associated with poor prognosis. PMID: 17404014

• p53 mutations are amongst the most prevalent alterations in human cancer. Overexpression of p53 is usually caused by mutation and is observed in a high percentage of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN). PMID: 9066697

• P53-positive cells can be detected in washings using flow cytometry and were more commonly detected in association with aneuploid tumours. PMID: 8535675

• Immunohistochemical detection of p53 protein is possible when the gene has been mutated, but not when the normal gene product alone is present. Our results indicate that this tumor suppressor gene may be involved in tumorigenesis, as its expression was detected in both borderline and malignant tumors while normal ovaries and benign ovarian tumors were unstained with the p53 antibody. PMID: 8206402

• in stimulated lymphocytes p53 is progressively accumulated during the G1, S and G2-phases, while in non-stimulated conditions most cells are remaining in G0/G1 and express p53 to a lesser degree. PMID: 2140591

• Mutation of the p53 tumour suppressor gene is thought to represent a significant step in the development of over half of all human cancers. PMID: 9189093

• By immunohistochemistry, immunoreactive p53 was observed in the nuclei of carcinoma cells in 29 cases (59%). Relatively larger diameter tumors (more than 5cm), poorly differentiated tumors, tumors with distant lymph node metastasis, and DNA aneuploidy tumors were positive for p53 more frequently. PMID: 7915093

• mitochondrial localization of endogenous p53 can be visualized by immunofluorescence of whole cells when stressed by hypoxic conditions. Suborganellar localization by limited trypsin digestion of isolated mitochondria from stressed cells suggests that a significant amount of mitochondrial p53 is located at the surface of the organelle. PMID: 11163756

• The immunostaining in the chick epiblast was very clearly localized to the mitotic centrosomes and spindles, revealing a cytoplasmic location for p53 during mitosis and accounting for earlier reports of an association between p53, tubulin, and centrosomes. PMID: 10739659

• p53 nuclear immunolabeling should be regarded as an independent biomarker of unfavourable Mixed mullerian tumor (MMT) behaviour. PMID: 9302556

• Overall, a significant proportion of corticotroph adenomas studied expressed the p53 protein, which depending on the antibody used, was located either in the nucleus and/or the cytoplasm of tumorous corticotroph cells. Cytoplasmic accumulation of p53, as shown by our colocalization studies with HSP-70, may be due to p53/HSP-70 complex formation. PMID: 11081199

• All 15 breast carcinomas (BCs) were comprised of distinct groups of cells which accumulated p53 in their nucleus and occasionally in their cytoplasm. PMID: 9137491

• p53 is a frequently mutated gene in brain stem astrocytomas. It was found in 50 % of glioblastoma multiforme, 28.57% of grade III astrocytoma and 12.5% of grade II astrocytoma, while grade 1 astrocytomas failed to express p53 protein. p53 positivity was more in high grade lesions, decreasing significantly in lower grade lesions. PMID: 15659871

• p53 protein overexpression was observed in 67% patients with pancreatic cancer, but not in patients with chronic pancreatitis. PMID: 15643503

• p53 and c-fos are significantly overexpressed in thyroid cancer patients, indicating their role in the genetic mechanisms leading to thyroid tumorigenesis. This hypothesis is further supported by the observation that p53/c-fos coexpression was related with more advanced disease status. PMID: 12687275

• p53 immunoreactivity is not limited to astrocytomas, but it can be observed in lesions that often are mistaken for glioma. No TP53 mutations accompany p53 expression in nonneoplastic lesions, and mdm2 may be responsible for persistence of p53 expression in these processes. PMID: 12383370

• p53 immunoreactivity indicates gene mutation when the majority (> 75%) of neoplastic cells express p53, p53 mutations would seem uncommon in cervical carcinogenesis. Nonetheless, glandular malignancies, in particular poorly differentiated variants, may show a higher frequency of mutation. PMID: 12190289

• In carcinomas, p53 was positive in 50% of CRC tissues and 60% of CAC tissues without statistical difference. Positive expression of p53 was found in most high-grade dysplasia but not in low-grade dysplasia (p < 0.01). PMID: 11865380

• The mutation of the p53 gene is a common phenomenon in numerous human tumors including breast cancer. It leads to an accumulation of nonfunctioning p53 protein in the cell nuclei, which can be detected by immunohistochemical techniques. PMID: 11299837

• Pancreatic cancer is characterized by a high expression of p53 and a low expression of bcl-2. PMID: 10732293

• Mutations of p53 tumor suppressor gene and nuclear accumulation of p53 protein are common in bladder tumors. PMID: 10492244

• p53 mutations have been shown to occur at an earlier phase in the progression of chronic ulcerative colitis (CUC)-associated neoplasia when compared with sporadic colon carcinogenesis. PMID: 10435567

• The expression of mutant p53 was observed in 74% of glioblastomas, wild-type p53 in 18% of glioblastomas. PMID: 10328545

• p53 mutation is an early event in esophageal carcinogenesis occurring in most of the dysplasia (DYS) and carcinoma in situ (CIS) lesions, and cells with such mutations will progress to carcinoma, whereas the role of p53 mutations in basal cell hyperplasia (BCH) is less clear. PMID: 10223186

• p53 protein was expressed only in the osteosarcomas, but that c-myc expression was detectable in both the epithelial and myoepithelial components. PMID: 10087490

• accumulation of p53 protein is frequently encountered in both premalignant and malignant skin lesions of renal transplant recipients (RTRs), and that this may occur as an early step in transplant-associated skin carcinogenesis. PMID: 10037511

• Our data demonstrate a statistically significant higher p53 expression rate in colonic carcinomas than in adenomas, and that adenomas with concurrent carcinomas are more frequently p53 positive than those without concurrent carcinoma, but this was not statistically significant. Also, p53 expression is more frequent and intense in adenomas with high-grade dysplasia (10/20, 50%) than in ordinary adenomas with low-grade dysplasia (8/29, 28%), which suggests a strong correlation between the degree of dysplasia in colonic neoplasia and p53 expression pattern. PMID: 9647033

• In lung cancer patients, positive p53 staining was detected in 26/53 (49%) of the tumour specimens. In preneoplastic lesions p53 positive staining was found in 8 of 24 (33.3%) squamous metaplasia, 1 of 4 hyperplasia and 1 of 3 dysplasia lesions. In the same group of patients, 12 cases were found with positive p53 cells in normal bronchial mucosa. In patients with benign diseases, positive p53 staining was found in 1 of 4 cases with squamous metaplasia and in one normal mucosa. PMID: 9538190

• It is also notable that a high proportion of the prostate cancers examined were immunopositive for p53. PMID: 9495727

• The majority of Micropapillary serous carcinoma (MPSCs) demonstrated positive, but only moderately intense, p53 immunostaining in >50% of the cells, whereas serous borderline tumors (SBTs) showed very weak staining in a small number of cells. In contrast, the majority of serous carcinomas displayed diffuse, very intense staining and those that did not stain completely lacked any staining for p53. PMID: 9475193

• the abnormal expression of cyclin A and p53 is associated with high-grade endometrial endometrioid carcinomas. PMID: 9421074

• p53 overexpression is involved in the tumorigenesis of both components in the SpCC, and the spindle cell component shows a higher degree of proliferative activity than the carcinomatous component. PMID: 9211529

• p53 protein expression occurs frequently in both malignant and dysplastic lesions of the oral cavity, suggesting that abnormally detectable p53 protein is present at the very early stages of development of oral squamous carcinoma. PMID: 9088674

• p53 aberrations are very common in esophageal carcinomas. However, p53 gene mutation and p53 protein accumulation have a significant discordance, suggesting that p53 function may be inactivated by mechanisms other than mutation. PMID: 9028350

• Seventy five percent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) lesions from transplanted patients presented both nuclear and cytoplasmic positive p53 immunostaining with DO-7 antibody, thus demonstrating a presumably functional inactivation. PMID: 9177500

• The nuclear p53 immunoreaction rate is low in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), but p53 expression appears to correlate with poor prognosis. PMID: 9065719

• Scattered nuclear and rare cytoplasmic positivity was present in one papilloma, which showed foci of increased mitotic activity (labeling index 2.5%). Six of six carcinomas were immunoreactive for p53, and three cases had labeling indexes of over 70%. All immunopositive choroid plexus tumors (7/7) exhibited nuclear staining. Punctate cytoplasmic positivity was identified in 5 of 7 cases. PMID: 12049110

• the nuclei expressing p53 protein are larger than p53 negative nuclei. The level of immunohistochemical expression of p53 is low in primary skin melanoma, and it is not valuable as a general prognostic marker for this tumor. p53 expression is not associated with melanoma thickness, indicating that high p53 expression is not a late phenomenon in the progression of this tumor. PMID: 8897518

• p53 overexpression was studied by immunohistochemistry in 96 consecutive colorectal cancer patients, subdividing positive specimens according to two staining patterns: cytoplasmic or nuclear. PMID: 9081357

• the abnormal p53 expression has some relevance to the skin carcinogenesis of porokeratosis. PMID: 8675831

• High levels of the p53 protein are immunohistochemically detectable in a majority of human nonmelanoma skin cancers and UVB-induced murine skin tumors. PMID: 8552621

• In paraffin-embedded sections of human choriocarcinoma, staining was confined to the nuclei of malignant cells. The results suggest that p53 is overexpressed not only in malignant tumour cells but in certain trophoblast cell populations of the human placenta as well. PMID: 7650160

• p53 overexpression occurs in dysplastic epithelium of precancerous gastric lesions. Its absence in chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia suggests it is a relatively late event in the gastric carcinogenic sequence. PMID: 8237942

• The expression of the p53 gene, therefore, appears increased in the majority of pancreatic adenocarcinomas while this is not observed in chronic pancreatitis or normal pancreatic tissue. PMID: 8218996

• expression of the p53 oncoprotein is a common finding in gastric cancer and occurs as a late event in the malignant transformation process. PMID: 8133401

• The p53 over expression tended to be more frequent in colorectal carcinomas with high proliferative activity. PMID: 17592558

• High nuclear p53 expression levels were associated with better outcome for overall survival (OS) (P = 0.0023) and disease-free survival (P = 0.0338) at 5-years. High cytoplasmic p53 expression levels were associated with better outcome for OS (P = 0.0002). PMID: 17220511

• the expression of p53 in three out of four (75%) secondary GBM was confined to the nucleus and the p53 positive cells were randomly distributed throughout the tumor. The expression of p53 in four out of seven (57%) de novo GBM was cytoplasmic, diffusive, and confined to the perivascular region of the tumor. PMID: 17214319

• Expression of p53 in virally infected tubular cells in renal transplant patients with polyomavirus nephropathy. PMID: 16733208

• delayed degradation could be responsible for the cytoplasmic p53 accumulation. PMID: 16720642

• The p53 gene is a tumor suppressor gene that is commonly mutated in skin cancer and sun-exposed skin, and this can be detected through immunohistochemical expression of the p53 protein. PMID: 16624969

• P53 positive cells were located most commonly in the basal layer of the epidermis of both healthy skin and non-lesional psoriatic skin. In lesional psoriatic skin p53 positive cells were present in all layers of the epidermis. PMID: 16200332

• p53 synovial tissue (ST) overexpression and association with joint damage is characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) rather than psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and that p53 ST expression might be a prognostic marker of joint damage in RA. PMID: 15647425

• Overall 52% of supratentorial astrocytic tumors showed p53 immunopositivity with no correlation to the histological grade. Thus, 58.8% of diffuse astrocytomas (WHO Grade II), 53.8% of anaplastic astrocytomas (WHO Grade III) and 50% of glioblastomas (WHO Grade IV) were p53 protein positive. PMID: 15269478

• We recently demonstrated that the p53 oncosuppressor associates to centrosomes in mitosis and this association is disrupted by treatments with microtubule-depolymerizing agents. Here, we show that ATM, an upstream activator of p53 after DNA damage, is essential for p53 centrosomal localization and is required for the activation of the postmitotic checkpoint after spindle disruption. PMID: 15181149

• p53 gene is frequently mutated in HPV38-positive skin cancers and that HPV38 E6 does not promote p53 degradation. PMID: 15145527

• p53 overexpression occurs mainly in neoplastic skin lesions, although it may also occur in squamous epithelium of inflammatory skin diseases such as PS, as well as in normal skin epithelium. PMID: 15143984

• p53 overexpression, detected by immunohistochemistry, has frequently been reported in porokeratosis (PK), and p53 mutations are direct results of ultraviolet (UV) skin exposure and are directly involved in most common skin cancers. PMID: 12859744

• Positive cytoplasmic p53 expression and nuclear p53 overexpression seem to relate to more aggressive features and unfavorable outcome in pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC). PMID: 12203805

• Immunostaining for p53 was found in the neuronal nuclei of 18 meningiomas. PMID: 12172734

• a cytoplasmic accumulation of wild-type p53 in human primary glioblastomas correlates with a certain intermediate filament protein expression, suggesting that it identifies a certain subset of tumors. PMID: 12084347

• p53 protein overexpression was identified only in patients with SDS and in patients with refractory anemia; these groups exhibited comparable prevalences of 78% and 72%, respectively. None of the patients with acquired aplastic anemia, acquired cytopenias, or in the control group showed overexpression of p53 protein. PMID: 11900571

• the first report of altered p53/TSP-1 function in association with clinically aggressive behavior in FH Wilms tumor. PMID: 11877681

• p53 mutations are quite frequent in children with Burkitt's lymphoma and may play a role in lymphoma genesis or disease progression. PMID: 11723536

Expression Alteration

• p53 is upregulated approximately 2-fold in the superior temporal gyrus of Alzheimer's patients compared to healthy elderly control subjects. PMID: 17399897

• p53 alteration may have different roles in adenocarcinoma and in squamous cell carcinoma, such as a carcinogenic factor for both cellular types but progression only for adenocarcinoma. PMID: 16613347

• p53 expression is increased in damaged neurons in models of ischemia and epilepsy. PMID: 11121541

• p53 alterations in colon tumors: a comparison of SSCP/sequencing and immunohistochemistry. PMID: 15536342

• A significant increase is shown in p53 and MDM2 expression in H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa as compared to normal gastric mucosa; but successful eradication of H. pylori dramatically reduced the p53 and MDM2 levels. PMID: 15946145

• p53 was highly prevalent in the contiguous squamous mucosa when it is present in Barrett's esophagus (BE). After ablation, none of the cases lost p53 expression, and none of the negative cases turned out to be positive. PMID: 15932166

• alterations in bcl-2 and p53 may be associated with the malignant transformation of endometriotic cysts. PMID: 12115382

• p53 alterations are infrequent in CCSK and do not seem to be primary genetic events in the pathogenesis of clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK). PMID: 12065773

• p53 gene alterations may have an important role to play in the aggressive biological behavior and poor prognosis of this tumor. PMID: 11414195

• structural and/or functional alterations at p53 gene are commonly observed in breast tumors. PMID: 11024482

• HPV and p53 protein alterations frequently coexist in the lesions of our study and suggest that p53 mutation may be an early genetic event in oral carcinogenesis. PMID: 9891518

• p53 mutations are frequent in breast tumours associated with unfavorable prognosis, including high-grade or the comedo histotype. There is evidence that p53 gene alterations occur early in breast cancerogenesis, as mutations were detected not only in in situ carcinomas but also in atypical ductal hyperplasia. PMID: 9428925

• p53 alterations are found in the preponderant majority of post-radiation locally recurrent prostatic carcinoma specimens. PMID: 8627854

• p53 alterations occur at different frequencies in various subtypes of sarcoma and, although detected in metastatic lesions, are not associated more frequently with progression. PMID: 8821948

• altered p53 protein (probably mutant) is overexpressed in conventional adenocarcinomas and may be involved in its tumorigenesis or progression. PMID: 8751332

• alteration of the p53 gene is implicated in the development of cancers complicating ulcerative colitis, as it is in the development of sporadic colorectal cancers, and it appears to be involved at a relatively early stage. PMID: 8563884

• genomic alterations of the p53 gene are quite common events associated with special types of breast carcinoma, particularly of the apocrine subtype, but the prognostic value is unlikely to be of clinical importance. PMID: 7562251

• The results of the present immunohistochemical study of p53 accumulation in gastric carcinomas suggest that gene alterations of p53 are not rare in gastric carcinomas and may participate in the carcinogenesis of intestinal-type carcinomas of the stomach. PMID: 8116572

• the cytoplasm contains a separate and distinct p53 pool that is the major source for p53 translocation to the mitochondria upon its stress-induced stabilization. Using various manipulations that enhance or diminish p53 ubiquitylation, our data provide evidence that Mdm2-mediated monoubiquitylation of p53 greatly promotes its mitochondrial translocation and thus its direct mitochondrial apoptosis. PMID: 17268548

• p53 protein is present in synapses where its level and amount of phosphorylation are increased following exposure of the cells to the DNA-damaging agent etoposide. PMID: 12835511

Function

• p53 mutation might induce enlargement of neoplastic cell nuclei by some molecular mechanism. PMID: 17587242

• wild-type p53 can reduce the apparent gain-of-function hypermutable effects of a particular p53 gene mutation and thereby help maintain genomic stability. PMID: 17567629

• endogenous p53 in SiHa cells has an antioxidant function and involves in the reinforcement of the antioxidant defense. PMID: 17567683

• p53 protein plays a central role in mediating stress and DNA damage responses, leading to either growth arrest or apoptosis. PMID: 17567589

• The tumor suppressor protein p53 regulates expression of several genes, which mediate cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, DNA repair and other cellular responses. PMID: 17555406

• The higher the amount of p53 stained, the higher the rate of tumor cell proliferation. However, there was no statistically significant association between p53 protein overexpression and clinical status, including tumor volume, nodal status, and metastatic condition. PMID: 17539259

• activation of p53 is an important factor in metal regulation of metallothionein (MT). PMID: 17477370  

• p53 plays a functional role in oxidative stress-induced cell death and supports the possibility that elevated p53 could be involved in motor neuron death in ALS and the wobbler mouse. PMID: 17434459

• p53 may play a role in determining gefitinib sensitivity by regulating Fas expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PMID: 17283151

• p53, one of the most frequently mutated genes in cancers, modulates the balance between the utilization of respiratory and glycolytic pathways. PMID: 16728594

• evidence exists that p53 has an extranuclear role in the cytoplasm to induce apoptosis. Recently, p53 has been shown to directly activate the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein Bax allowing for mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and apoptosis. PMID: 15020844

• p53 may have a separate cytoplasmic role in directly regulating the Bax-dependent mitochondrial pathway to cell death. PMID: 14980216

• wild-type p53 enhances macrophage differentiation, while various p53 mutant types exert different effects on this differentiation pathway. PMID: 14713961

• p53 plays a major role in the progression of carcinoma of the small intestine, whereas the role of K-ras mutation is much less significant. PMID: 11836595

• p53 overexpression plays a different role in tumor carcinogenesis and progression of these two types of gastric cancers. PMID: 11422805

Diagnostic & Therapeutic Value

• alteration of p53 expression in patients with high risk of lung cancer was an early event: this abnormality increased with the severity of the lesions, without significant correlation with patient characteristics. PMID: 11836584

• Overexpression of p53 in malignant gliomas during childhood is strongly associated with an adverse outcome, independently of clinical prognostic factors and histologic findings. PMID: 11832530

• restoring p53 function alone is sufficient to cause regression of several different tumor types in mice and thus might represent a potent therapeutic strategy to treat certain human cancers. PMID: 17350571

• Restoration of Wild-Type p53 Function in Human Tumors: Strategies for Efficient Cancer Therapy. PMID: 17419952

• p53 protein stabilization and p53 mutation frequently occur in STS, and both suggest worse outcomes for patients so affected. However, increased p53 protein expression does not necessarily indicate p53 gene mutation. PMID: 17429838

• p53 expression may be a useful tool in classifying and predicting the prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors as it is well correlated with tumor size, mitotic index, cellularity, and diagnosis according to our study results. PMID: 17419248

• p53 immunoreactivity is a prognostic factor for patients with adenocarcinoma of stomach or gastroesophageal junction treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. PMID: 16277093

• screening for p53 and Ki-ras mutations can be a useful adjunct in surveillance of patients with long-standing ulcerative colitis. PMID: 11761024

• Loss of wild-type p53 function may therefore contribute to the development of aneuploidy in head and neck cancer. PMID: 11029495

• p53 expression has important clinical implications as an indicator of prognosis and response to chemotherapy or radiotherapy in different human tumor types. PMID: 9405493

• Immunohistochemical determination of p53 protein and FCM DNA analysis can aid in making an accurate and specific diagnosis of serous effusions, but the principal limitation of these tests is their relatively low sensitivity. PMID: 9390131

• p53 Immunostaining of serous fluids seems to be of value in identifying carcinoma cells, especially in those cases that show inconclusive or bland cytologic features. Combining p53 with CEA immunostains in clinically or cytologically suspicious cases may assist in recognition of carcinoma cells and in pursuing an appropriate therapeutic approach. PMID: 9850638

• MIB-1 and p53 co-staining is very useful for differentiating pilocytic astrocytomas and astrocytomas from anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas. PMID: 9839169

• p53 immunocytochemistry using ERPDB in conjunction with conventional cytologic examination can help differentiate ductal cell carcinoma from chronic pancreatitis preoperatively. PMID: 8635089

• Immunohistochemical studies for p53 were found to be useful for predicting chemosensitivity. PMID: 15901938

• p53 immunohistochemical staining could be a useful histological marker to complement routine histology in cancer surveillance programs in ulcerative colitis patients. PMID: 12818291

• p53 immunohistochemistry qualifies as a diagnostic technique suitable for clinical practice in a community hospital. Its detection may be particularly promising in clinical trials of new molecular therapies directed at the p53 tumor suppressor gene. PMID: 11900572

• Biopsy p53 status significantly predicts recurrence after radical prostatectomy, but its low specificity and technical issues suggest that it will not be useful in the clinical setting. However, a patient with negative p53 on biopsy is likely to have a good prognosis on prolonged follow-up. PMID: 11849156

• p53-overexpression in bronchial dysplastic areas may be a clinically useful marker for identifying patients proceeding to, at least, squamous cell carcinoma and, in addition, may facilitate the detection of occult tumours. PMID: 10759451

• p53 Immunohistochemistry, using monoclonal antibody DO-7 combined with standard morphologic evaluation, may be useful in distinguishing benign reactive mesothelium from borderline or low grade ovarian carcinoma. PMID: 10667156

• p53 abnormalities play an important role in UC-associated tumorigenesis in its relatively early phase. For the diagnosis of dysplasia and carcinoma in UC, p53 IHC seems to be useful. PMID: 10571818

• p53 IHC positivity with a multilineage pattern may be a characteristic of MDS in older patients. PMID: 10487829

• p53 immunohistochemistry facilitates the interpretation of Barrett's epithelium but need only be employed to confirm a suspected diagnosis of dysplasia and assist with the distinction between low- and high-grade dysplasia. PMID: 9643490

• If monoclonal antibodies with an epitope in the N-terminal region of the p53 protein (DO-1, Pab1801, DO-7) are applied, p53 immunohistochemistry provides an independent prognostic marker in STS (primary soft-tissue sarcomas). PMID: 9341900

• Generally, p53 mutations and p53 overexpression are more likely to represent a late event in the oncogenesis of soft-tissue tumors. PMID: 9177493

• p53 immunoreactivity in astrogliosis is unusual but is to be expected in astrocytomas and can help to differentiate reactive from neoplastic astrocytic lesions. PMID: 8764745

• p53 alterations are related to the standard prognostic markers of endometrial cancer, i.e. grading and staging. TGGE, an indirect screening procedure for p53 mutations, is used to detect the type of p53 alteration and may provide additional insight into the complex figure of p53 abnormalities in the development and progression of malignant endometrial lesions. PMID: 8646368

• Use of a cDNA-based sequencing method to determine the status of the p53 gene in primary breast cancers yielded better prognostic information than IHC performed with the Pab 1801 monoclonal antibody. PMID: 8632491

• immunohistochemistry is valuable for assessing p53 gene mutations in colorectal neoplasms, but further study is needed to elucidate the precise link between immunohistochemistry and molecular genetic alterations. PMID: 7931827

• The up-regulated expressions of mutant p53 and ki-67 are involved in the carcinogenesis and progression of gastrointestinal adenoma and adenocarcinoma (GIA). They appear to be objective and effective markers to reflect the development of GIA. PMID: 16821616

• Expression of p53 protein has a statistically significant impact on disease-free survival in adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix treated with RT alone. PMID: 15337561

• The assessment of p53 activity and cell proliferation rate in gastric carcinoma is of prognostic value especially if evaluated together with other clinical and histopathological characteristics. The examination of these markers is useful in detecting early gastric cancer, in selecting high-risk patients and in planning proper individual treatment. PMID: 15011884

• Accumulation of p53 expression, as well as tumor size, capsule and vascular invasion, could be valuable markers for predicting the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients after resection. The quantitative immunohistochemical scoring for P53 nuclear accumulation might be more valuable for predicting prognosis of patients after HCC resection than the common qualitative analysis. PMID: 12046070

• downstaging after short-term radiation may occur but is seen in tumors with normal p53 gene only. Moreover, p53 genotype but not p53 immunohistochemistry is predictive for response to preoperative short-term radiotherapy and patient survival. PMID: 11923604

• p53 expression in Wilms tumor detected by immunohistochemistry seems to be associated with advanced disease and relapse. PMID: 11745874

• the prognostic value of p53 protein expression was independent from that of both the nodal status and ER status in breast cancer. PMID: 11668240

• Our data seem to indicate an unfavorable prognostic role of higher nuclear p53 expression. However, we believe that our results need to be integrated with patients' clinical follow-up and with the study of the expression of these markers in benign melanocytic lesions to gain more accurate information about their prognostic significance. PMID: 11504374

• Failure to demonstrate p53 protein accumulation does not ensure a favourable outcome for pituitary adenoma. Accordingly, pituitary carcinoma may occur in the absence of p53 accumulation. PMID: 11383946

• p53 colocalization with LGD at index LGD diagnosis is a risk factor for progression of LGD. This can potentially be used to risk stratify BE LGD patients in terms of surveillance intervals or enrollment into secondary prevention studies. PMID: 11374668

• Immunohistochemical assessment of Ki67 and p53 expression assists the diagnosis and grading of ulcerative colitis-related dysplasia. PMID: 10931232

• both p53 expression and PCNA are markers of poor differentiation in breast cancer. PMID: 10927863

• the expression of mutant p53 proteins in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) may be an important factor predicting poor prognosis. PMID: 10880844

• An immunohistochemical analysis of p53 and the Ki-67 labeling percentage using biopsied specimens was thus found to effectively predict the efficacy of neoadjuvant therapies in patients with esophageal cancer. PMID: 10791203

• lymph node expression of Mp53P is associated with increased mortality in Duke's B CRC. PMID: 10682269

• Determination of p53 overexpression and reduced or absent expression of ER and PgR may help predict the behaviour of this variant of lobular carcinoma. PMID: 10672061

• in the Egyptian population, p53 immunoreactivity appears to be an early event in cervical neoplasm, and seems to play an important role together with other cell regulatory proteins in the process of carcinogenesis, which could be different between sqcc and adenocarcinoma. PMID: 10607922

• Immunohistochemical detection of p53 protein could improve the management of some patients with Barrett esophagus and mild histologic alterations. PMID: 10583932

• the clinico-pathological correlations showed that p53 immunohistochemical expression is significantly associated with a poorer response to intensive chemotherapy. PMID: 10440751

• Clinical failure is more common in the group of prostate cancer patients with abnormal p53 immunoreactivity. PMID: 10220791

• p53 immunohistochemical staining of pretreatment biopsy specimens correlates with the extent of residual disease after chemoradiation in patients with high-risk rectal cancer. PMID: 9815551

• Immunohistochemically detected p53 protein status in NSCLC patients may be a promising indicator in determining in vitro chemosensitivity to some anticancer drugs, especially 5-Fu and ADM. PMID: 9610658

• overexpression of p53 protein may play an important role in tumor progression from noninvasive to invasive in some breast carcinomas and may have potential as an indicator for poorer prognosis. PMID: 9568057

• localization of p53 by immunohistochemistry is a useful prognostic index of clinical behavior in differentiated thyroid carcinomas of follicular cell derivation. PMID: 12114668

• Assay of p53 by immunohistochemistry in endoscopic biopsy specimens and brushings is an easy and reliable technique to assess p53 status in gastric carcinoma, and thus could serve as a marker to foresee the prognosis in these patients and assist in the diagnosis of malignancy before surgery. It may also be a valuable marker in screening patients with high risk of gastric carcinoma. PMID: 9594341

• Serum determination of cytoplasmic p53 antigen can reveal this oncoprotein in the early stages of cancer, or even foretell its development. PMID: 9378162

• p53 overexpression may be involved at an early stage in cervical carcinogenesis. PMID: 9066664

• the immunohistochemical detection of p53 overexpression in biopsy specimens of bronchial epithelium might be useful for evaluation of preneoplastic lesions in high-risk group individuals and for early diagnosis of bronchial cancer. PMID: 9043024

• in epithelial ovarian malignancies tumours showing p53 aberrations are significantly less sensitive to chemotherapy and more aggressive than those with functional p53. Thus, a routine analysis of this gene could have profound implications for the treatment of ovarian cancer. PMID: 9010031

• Detection of immunoreactivity for p53 oncoprotein appears to be of real value in deciding the prognosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract (TCC-UUT). PMID: 8958308

• overexpression of p53 protein is one of the familial factors that correlates with carcinogenesis in the stomach. PMID: 8691838

• The presence of p53 immunoreactivity as a compact pattern supports the idea that mutations of the p53 gene are early events in the sequence from dysplasia to invasive squamous-cell cancer of the skin. PMID: 8682583

• p53 immunopositivity strongly correlates with recurrence/metastasis in Wilms' tumors. Furthermore, the accumulation of p53 in these tumors is not only due to mutations but may also involve stabilization of normal p53 with other proteins. PMID: 8623926

• immunohistochemical expression of p53 protein in Wilms' tumour, presumably a result of mutation in the p53 tumour suppressor gene, correlates with histological classification, histological categorisation being one of the useful features in the prognostic assessment of Wilms' tumours. PMID: 8838120

• The detection of p53 in non neoplastic tissue and the absence of a significant correlation between p53 expression and degree of differentiation support the hypothesis that the p53 gene mutation is involved in early stages of hepatocellular carcinogenesis. PMID: 8927568

• p53 gene mutation is an early event in thymic tumorigenesis, and the p53 protein-positive cells increase with the progression of the tumor. Immunostaining reactivity of p53 may be a useful adjunct to differentiate thymic carcinoma from thymoma. PMID: 7572785

• The p53 overexpression is present in advanced stage of colorectal carcinomas, thus demonstrating the prognostic value of this marker. PMID: 9455363

• immunohistochemically strong p53 protein expression (more than 30% of tumor cells) has value in estimating a prognosis for patients with colorectal adenocarcinomas. PMID: 8527043

• p53 expression in breast carcinomas means a significantly worse prognosis for grade II tumors (overall survival, P = 0.0002; disease-free period, P = 0.0116). PMID: 7705708

• p53 expression takes place in the late stage of tumor progression and is related to the high malignant potential of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCCs). PMID: 7890286

• mutation of the p53 gene may be involved in prostate cancer carcinogenesis. p53 reactivity marks an aggressive subset of prostate cancer and appears to be an independent prognostic indicator that is particularly valuable among the low to intermediate grade cancers. PMID: 7821906

• Positive p53 immunostaining in renal cell carcinoma is associated with metastatic disease and poor survival in patients with early-stage disease. PMID: 8089867

• the accumulation of p53 protein to immunohistochemically detectable concentrations is not a feature of low-grade cancer. This finding implies that abnormal p53 accumulation might be involved in the process of prostatic cancer progression. PMID: 8072122

• p53 mutations play an important role in carcinogenesis in gastric carcinoma and further implies that p53 mutation may be an early occurrence during tumor transformation. PMID: 7892045

• p53 may be involved in the development of more aggressive types of intracranial tumours. According to these results, p53 immunohistochemical positivity may serve as a prognostic marker in high-grade astrocytomas. PMID: 7826609

• immunohistochemical p53 suppressor gene protein expression analysis has both diagnostic and prognostic value. PMID: 7928055

• immunohistochemical detection of p53 protein proved useful in the diagnosis of malignant hemangioendothelioma. PMID: 7915452

• mutant p53 protein may serve a prognostic role in a subset of cases of invasive ductal mammary carcinoma. PMID: 8379528

• initially p53-negative tumors and initially p63-positive tumors that retain this labeling pattern may follow less aggressive biological courses and present better prognoses. PMID: 17499344

• p53 is expressed late in carcinogenesis (14%) and as such, may be considered as an indicator of transformation of premalignant into malignant lesion. PMID: 17489760

• Mutations of p53 were associated with lymph node metastases and III/IV stage of tumors that are signs of unfavorable prognosis in colorectal cancer. PMID: 17447881

• serum p53-Ab was useful to predict a risk of early recurrence after curative surgical resection for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). PMID: 17439594

• The data on p53 abnormalities, when considered separately, could be of relative value for predicting the behavior of gastric tumors. However, our analyses showed that studying p53 overexpression, loss of heterozigosity, microsatellite instability, and mutational analysis could provide data that, particularly in combination with some clinicopathological features, might be of clinical value for predicting the tumor behavior and patient response to therapy. PMID: 17436385

• p53 overexpression is associated with a larger number of metastases and is correlated with a poor outcome as well as decreased intensity in p63 immunoexpression. PMID: 17391296

• an increased anti-p53 antibodies positive rate for patients with gastric carcinoma and provided a useful marker for clinical diagnosis for patients with gastric carcinoma. PMID: 17292563

• p53 overexpression is a common predictor of LR following treatment for all stages of primary operable ductal carcinoma of the breast. This marker may help in planning optimal treatment and follow-up. PMID: 17291532

• The specificity of p53 mutation for pancreatic cancer is very high. Our results indicate that p53 gene mutation may provide an additional tool in differential diagnosis of CP (chronic pancreatitis) and PA (pancreatic adenocarcinoma). PMID: 16995472

• p53 protein accumulation is helpful in selecting patients who may benefit from endocrine therapy and is a prognostic marker in hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer. PMID: 16869955

• p53 accumulation is believed to be an early event in neoplastic progression of the tongue. PMID: 16847809

• p53 protein accumulation and nonpolymorphic intronic changes in p53 are associated with increased risk of progression to breast cancer in women with benign breast disease. PMID: 16835330

• Clinical evidence that the p53 family is frequently overexpressed in lung cancer specimens, especially deltaNp63 in squamous cell carcinoma, was provided. The expression of deltaNp73 may be a useful marker for predicting a poor prognosis in resectable lung cancer. PMID: 16827107

• serum concentration of p53 protein may be a convenient and useful non-invasive screening test for prediction of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). PMID: 16681440

• p-53 is a marker for premalignant lesions and helps in selecting patients for constant monitoring, upon the clinical verification of these results. PMID: 16624193

• p53 protein transduction therapy may be a promising method for the treatment of bladder cancer. PMID: 16310931

• p53 overexpression is associated with age, hormonal status, FIGO stage, and recurrence in uterine cervical carcinoma. PMID: 16289387

• p53 mutations are present in typical keratinizing carcinomas, precursor lesions and disorders with elevated risk for vulvar cancer. Thus, p53 mutation seems to occur early in vulvar carcinogenesis and may become a useful marker, especially in lesions with increased risk of carcinoma. PMID: 16033093

• p53 alteration can be considered, in primary endometrial carcinoma, an independent indicator for a moderate prognosis. PMID: 15678853

• P53 protein is a reliable marker in identification of renal tubular injury. PMID: 15551735

• nuclear p53 protein expression may represent an adverse prognostic marker in inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) and may provide a valuable tool for selecting treatment for this aggressive disease. PMID: 15448010

• Presence of overexpression of oncoprotein p53 on borders of resection with aspects of dysplasia of various degrees seems, therefore, a marker of high risk of tumour progression and recurrence. PMID: 15198048

• p53 mutation is an independent pre-treatment factor in stage II and III colorectal cancer after curative resection. PMID: 15172127

• p53 overexpression is strongly related to poor prognostic indicators in endometrial adenocarcinoma. PMID: 12807239

• Overexpression of p53 may serve as a marker for malignant transformation of inverted papilloma. PMID: 12779261

• p53 expression was related to the clinical behavior of adrenal cortical tumors (ACT) in both children and adults and these findings seem to support a role for p53 in ACT progression. PMID: 12532223

• Immunoreactivity of p53 is an independent factor for lymph node metastasis. The association of positive p53 with positive HPV DNA was related to a worse prognosis. PMID: 12050497

• p53 expression seems to be a useful prognostic marker for breast sarcoma. PMID: 12002339

• the presence of serum p53 autoantibodies is associated with decreased survival for patients with oesophageal carcinoma. PMID: 11911308

• p53 overexpression was an independent predictor of recurrent disease in endometrial cancer. HER-2/neu overexpression had a more limited effect but enhance the effect of p53. PMID: 11516808

• In patients with RCC, significant correlations between p53 protein expression and tumour stage, grade and survival time were observed. PMID: 11291681

Review Articles

• p53 in breast cancer: mutation and countermeasures. PMID: 17485365

• Reactivation of mutant p53: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. PMID: 17401433

• Structure-function-rescue: the diverse nature of common p53 cancer mutants. PMID: 17401432

• Mutant p53: an oncogenic transcription factor. PMID: 17401430

• Transcription regulation by mutant p53. PMID: 17401429

• Interactions of mutant p53 with DNA: guilt by association. PMID: 17401427

• Crippling p53 activities via knock-in mutations in mouse models. PMID: 17401426

• p53 alterations in human cancer: more questions than answers. PMID: 17401423

• p53 family proteins in thyroid cancer. PMID: 17395974

• p53 translational control: a new facet of p53 regulation and its implication for tumorigenesis and cancer therapeutics. PMID: 17395405

• Classic and novel roles of p53: prospects for anticancer therapy. PMID: 17383232

• DNA damage, p53, apoptosis and vascular disease. PMID: 17382357

• p53 in health and disease. PMID: 17380161

• p53 gene in treatment of hepatic carcinoma: status quo. PMID: 17373730

• The p53 family in differentiation and tumorigenesis. PMID: 17332760

• Coping with stress: multiple ways to activate p53. PMID: 17322916

• Clinical significance of the p53 pathway and associated gene therapy in non-small cell lung cancers. PMID: 17280505

• p53 and the pathogenesis of skin cancer. PMID: 17270229

• p53 induced growth arrest versus apoptosis and its modulation by survival cytokines. PMID: 17264673

• Restoration of wild-type p53 function in human cancer: relevance for tumor therapy. PMID: 17230559

• The oncogenic roles of p53 mutants in mouse models. PMID: 17208429

• p53: at the crossroad between cancer and ageing. PMID: 17200941

• The p53 network: p53 and its downstream genes. PMID: 17188467

• Mutant p53 proteins: between loss and gain of function. PMID: 17123310

• p53-based cancer therapies: Is defective p53 the Achilles heel of the tumor? PMID: 17088261

• p53--a natural cancer killer: structural insights and therapeutic concepts. PMID: 16983711

• The role of p53 in atherosclerosis. PMID: 16929177

• Importance of p53 for cancer onset and therapy. PMID: 16926623

• Exploiting the p53 pathway for the diagnosis and therapy of human cancer. PMID: 16869788

• Clinical use of p53 in Barrett's esophagus. PMID: 16835318

• The p53 family in nervous system development and disease. PMID: 16805769

• Proteomics of p53 in diagnostics and therapy of acute myeloid leukemia. PMID: 16789904

• The p53 tumor suppressor participates in multiple cell cycle checkpoints. PMID: 16741928

• p53 and breast cancer, an update. PMID: 16728565

• Roles of the transcription factor p53 in keratinocyte carcinomas. PMID: 16712710

• p53 as a target for anti-cancer drug development. PMID: 16690321

• p53 and its downstream proteins as molecular targets of cancer. PMID: 16652354

• p53 biological network: at the crossroads of the cellular-stress response pathway and molecular carcinogenesis. PMID: 16641528

• The p53 response during DNA damage: impact of transcriptional cofactors. PMID: 16626298

• Restoring p53-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells: new opportunities for cancer therapy. PMID: 16600668

• In search of p53 target genes for the therapeutic manipulation of cancer. PMID: 16566288

• The role of p53 mutations as a prognostic factor and therapeutic target in inflammatory breast cancer. PMID: 16563093

• Translational regulation of p53 as a potential tumor therapy target. PMID: 16556081

• Assessing p53 in clinical contexts: unlearned lessons and new perspectives. PMID: 16331594

• p53: an overview of over two decades of study. PMID: 16329542

• p53 and the malignant progression of Barrett's esophagus. PMID: 16110481

• P53 in cancer: a paradigm for modern management of cancer. PMID: 16076005

• p53: twenty five years understanding the mechanism of genome protection. PMID: 15957248

• p53 in neuronal apoptosis. PMID: 15865932

• Activation of p53 by specific agents in potential cancer therapy. PMID: 15777220

• p53: fighting cancer. PMID: 15320716

• p53 moves to mitochondria: a turn on the path to apoptosis. PMID: 15190209

• p53: 25 years after its discovery. PMID: 15116721

• The importance of p53 location: nuclear or cytoplasmic zip code? PMID: 14744495

• p53 alterations in myeloid leukemia. PMID: 14646348

• Clinical implication of p53 mutation in lung cancer. PMID: 12746555

• The p53 pathway in breast cancer. PMID: 11879567

• P53: an ubiquitous target of anticancer drugs. PMID: 11857402

Applications

ELISA

• a rapid and reliable method for analysing sequence-specific binding of p53 protein to DNA using a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). PMID: 12165443

• a new ELISA aimed at detecting anti-p53 antibodies using two peptides belonging to immunodominant epitopes of the p53 N-terminal region. PMID: 11730842

• This ELISA represents a more sensitive detection method of p53 than any other technique so far. It improves on former ELISA and IHC results on p53 overexpression in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and underlines the involvement and the importance of the p53 tumor suppressor protein in carcinogenesis of head and neck cancer. PMID: 9066697

• The ELISA for anti-p53 is a convenient and specific test for the detection of humoral response to alterations in p53 gene expression and could be of value in the diagnosis and characterisation of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. PMID: 8655704

• Comparison between p53 staining in tissue sections and p53 proteins levels measured by an ELISA technique. PMID: 7685617

• The serum p53 antibody status was analyzed by means of ELISA in 55 healthy individuals, 60 patients with oral precancerous conditions, 75 untreated oral cancer patients, and 86 follow-up blood samples of the oral cancer patients. PMID: 16724693

• A pantropic quantitative ELISA technique was used to detect serum p53 protein of 94 newly diagnosed patients with lung cancer. PMID: 16258881

• The presence of serum anti-p53 antibodies in 49 patients with cholangiocarcinoma was determined by ELISA kit (Pharma Cell, France). Immunohistochemical detection of p53 protein expression was examined in available tissue samples of 36 patients. PMID: 15011824

• The ELISA technique revealed that the serum p53 was detected in 100% of patients with cholangiocarcinoma, 76% of pancreatic carcinoma, 75% of hepatocellular carcinoma, 70% of colon cancer, 60% of esophagus carcinoma, and 35% of gastric carcinoma. PMID: 12670524

FASAY (a yeast functional assay)

• FASAY is more accurate than IHC in detecting the various types of p53 mutations, suggesting that a comprehensive approach for the detection of p53 mutations may be essential to elucidate their clinical significance. PMID: 15135005

• The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of the tumor suppressor p53 aberrations in Czech population by using a functional test in yeast (FASAY) and by two immunochemical methods. PMID: 15010896

Flow Cytometry

• flow cytometry was found to be an effective alternative to Western blotting in the detection of p53 dysfunction in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). PMID: 15521919

• A recently developed fixation/permeabilization method was modified for flow cytometric assessment of p53 protein expression using two anti-p53 monoclonal antibodies. PMID: 10732866

• LSC is a reliable and useful tool for the intracellular staining for adenoviral hexon protein expression for determining infectivity and for p53 protein expression from an expressed p53 transgene. PMID: 9822339

• MAbs Do1 and Do7 enable quantitative analysis of p53 accumulation in a multiparameter flow cytometric analysis. PMID: 9136751

• p53 expression measured by flow cytometry. A comparison of three monoclonal antibodies and the relationship with grade and DNA ploidy in breast cancer. PMID: 7553682

• DNA aneuploidy and p53 or c-erbB-2 expression were simultaneously measured in 29 breast tumours by two-colour flow cytometry. PMID: 1360329

• Evaluation of p53 protein expression in Barrett's esophagus by two-parameter flow cytometry. PMID: 1551529

• This dual parameter flow cytometric method, evaluating both DNA ploidy and p53 expression, may prove useful in identifying different biological subgroups of colorectal cancer. PMID: 2137812

• a rapid and simple flow cytometry technique for the detection and quantification of p53 in several human cell lines, including an adenocarcinoma cell line (SW 626) having a mutant (m) p53, and a pre-B leukemia cell line (NALM-6) having wild-type (wt) p53. PMID: 9515717

• expression of p53 protein was examined by flow cytometry in 113 cases of colorectal cancer and its metastasis to the liver and lymph nodes. PMID: 8969671

• A series of 84 archival, ethanol-fixed, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) labelled colorectal tumours were analysed by flow cytometry for their total and cell cycle phase p53 protein content using the pAb1801 monoclonal antibody. PMID: 8903495

• p53 protein has been studied by flow cytometry using three monoclonal antibodies specific for epitopes on N-terminus (Bp53-12, DO-1) and central region (DO-11) of p53 protein. PMID: 11712681

Immunofluorescence

• Influence of tissue preparation techniques on p53 expression in bronchial and bladder carcinomas, assessed by immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry. PMID: 1782831

• the first report of successfully using an immunofluorescence assay to detect p53 protein accumulation in sputum. PMID: 10628322

• Here we show for the first time that mitochondrial localization of endogenous p53 can be visualized by immunofluorescence of whole cells when stressed by hypoxic conditions. Suborganellar localization by limited trypsin digestion of isolated mitochondria from stressed cells suggests that a significant amount of mitochondrial p53 is located at the surface of the organelle. PMID: 11163756

• Immunofluorescent staining of mitotic centrosomes and spindles by anti-p53 antibodies was observed in the embryonic chick epiblast by epifluorescence microscopy and in three human cancer cell lines, an SV40-immortalized cell line, and a normal human fibroblast culture by confocal microscopy. PMID: 10739659

Immunocytochemistry (ICC)

• In contrast to wild-type p53 in resting normal cells, mutant p53 proteins are easily detectable by immunocytochemical methods due to their abnormally extended half-life. Several methods of immunocytochemistry can be used to analyze the presence and localization of p53 protein in cells or tissues. PMID: 12824536

• P53 protein expression in malignant cells of five patients with Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and from two patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) was examined with anti p53 protein monoclonal antibodies PAb1801, PAb240 and p53-D07 using an immunocytochemical technique. PMID: 9613990

• p53 Protein expression was investigated immunocytochemically using the monoclonal antibody pAb1801. PMID: 9568133

• Immunocytochemical staining demonstrated p53 nuclear immunopositivity in 46% of the squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), 50% of the osteosarcomas, 33% of the mammary carcinomas, 16% of the adenocarcinomas and 14% of the haemangiosarcomas. PMID: 10814873

• a new method of p53 immunocytochemistry using cytologic samples obtained by endoscopic retrograde pancreatic duct brushing (ERPDB). PMID: 9196015

• Immunocytochemical detection of p53 in cultures of exfoliated cells from urine of patients with urothelial cancers. PMID: 8698621

• The expression of the p53 gene product was investigated immunocytochemically in a series of 51 fine-needle aspiration (FNA) samples of breast carcinomas. Results were compared with those obtained by immunocytochemically on paraffin embedded tissue sections of the corresponding surgical specimens. PMID: 8542791

• p53 protein expression was assessed by immunocytochemistry in 35 of 59 cases and by flow cytometry in 20 of 35 patients. PMID: 11369650

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

• P53 expression was studied using immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibody anti-p53, 1 : 100 (BIOX) on tissue samples obtained during transurethral electroresection, adenomectomy or needle biopsy in 30 patients with prostate carcinoma. PMID: 17106522

• The expression of p53 was studied immunohistochemically in combination with the DNA ploidy pattern by gland isolation in 97 alcohol-fixed gastric lesions. PMID: 7655735

• Immunohistochemical staining of biopsy specimens indicated that only cancer cells were overexpressing p53. In conclusion, using the monoclonal antibody PAb 1801, p53 is detectable in cell nuclei prepared from paraffin-embedded bronchial carcinoma biopsies. PMID: 1935458

• nuclear p53 protein expression, detected by a widely available immunohistochemical method, is strongly associated with TP53 deletion and an adverse clinical outcome for MM. PMID: 17555471

• The p53 immunohistochemistry was performed with DO1 antibody and semiquantitatively evaluated using HSCORE (HS) method. PMID: 14577491

• Topographic analysis of p53 alteration using immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on 35 archived prostatectomy specimens containing Pca foci; high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (HPIN) foci intermingled with cancer (HPINI) and situated away (HPINA). PMID: 11743048

• Paraffin section storage and immunohistochemistry. Effects of time, temperature, fixation, and retrieval protocol with emphasis on p53 protein and MIB1 antigen. PMID: 10937051

• Reproducibility of p53 immunohistochemistry in bladder tumors. National Cancer Institute, Bladder Tumor Marker Network. PMID: 10815908

• the immunohistochemical method using Bp53, DO1 and DO11 monoclonal antibodies for analysis of the p53 protein accumulation in cell nuclei and the functional method FASAY. PMID: 10732868

• Staining patterns of p53 immunohistochemistry and their biological significance in colorectal cancer. PMID: 10699994

• p53 protein expression was studied by immunohistochemistry from paraffin embedded tissue in a series of 136 patients with malignant ovarian epithelial tumors. PMID: 8630898

• p53 immunohistochemistry as an independent prognostic factor for superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. PMID: 7819040

• p53 overexpression in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue detected by immunohistochemistry. PMID: 1607637

• Immunohistochemical staining of p16 and p53 was performed in samples of primary CM from 82 patients with Stage I and II melanoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system. PMID: 16920642

• IHC stainings for p53, bcl-2 and Ki-67 expressions were performed in the 66 paraffin-embedded biopsy samples. PMID: 16479062

• this study was to determine the prognostic significance of the expression of p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb) gene products in cases of curatively resected gastric adenocarcinoma, by immunohistochemical analysis. PMID: 15906946

• we examined the expression of CYPs (CYP2A6, CYP1B1 and CYP3A) and p53 in specimens from 34 Japanese patients with breast cancer by immunohistochemistry. PMID: 15769614

• p53 status was investigated immunohistochemically in 111 proximal colon cancers along with tumor TNM stage, grade, and extramural vascular invasion. PMID: 15657659

• Immunohistochemical analysis of p53 in vulval intraepithelial neoplasia and vulval squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 12610510

• p16 and p53 expression were detected by immunohistochemical analysis of 90 paraffin specimens of resected non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). PMID: 12559346

• p53 immunohistochemical analysis using the monoclonal antibody D07 was performed on 23 sarcomatoid carcinomas of the upper respiratory tract and 19 cases of postradiation stromal atypia. PMID: 12170089  

• The expression of nuclear p53 protein in 40 feline injection site-assocated sarcomas was examined by immunohistochemical staining. PMID: 11280384

• Overexpression of p53 protein was investigated immunohistochemically in 28 cases of oral lichen planus (OLP), followed up by sequential biopsies for up to 96 months. PMID: 11271627

• Immunohistochemical studies for p53, its regulator mdm2, and proliferation marker Ki67 were performed on paraffin-embedded tissues of 28 partial moles (PM), 57 complete moles (CM), 14 choriocarcinomas (CCA), and 31 normal placentas. PMID: 11240753

• Immunohistochemical nuclear staining for P53 in nodular scabies. PMID: 11198364

• p53 protein accumulation was detected by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against p53: NCL-p53 (clone BP-53-12) (Novocastra) on paraffin embedded specimens. PMID: 10974929

• Paraffin-embedded tissue sections obtained from 210 invasive ductal carcinomas were evaluated immunohistochemically for p53 and c-erbB2 oncoproteins using CM-1 polyclonal antibody and mAb1 monoclonal antibody, respectively. PMID: 10928168

• Ki-67 and P53 expression were studied using immunohistochemistry on tissue samples obtained during transurethral electroresection or needle biopsy in 62 patients with prostatic lesions. PMID: 10833901

• We analyse p53 gene mutations through comparing the results of single-strand-conformation-polymorphism (SSCP) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). PMID: 10719813

• One hundred twenty-six cutaneous mast cell tumors obtained by excisional biopsy from 106 dogs were evaluated using immunohistochemical staining for the presence of p53 protein. A standard avidin-biotin immunohistochemical protocol was used incorporating a polyclonal antibody of rabbit origin (CM-1) as the primary antibody. PMID: 10643979

• Eighty-three canine cutaneous mast cell tumors were graded histologically and evaluated immunohistochemically for p53 tumor-suppressor protein expression. An avidin-biotin immunohistochemical protocol incorporated a rabbit polyclonal antibody (CM-1) directed against normal and mutant p53 protein. PMID: 10643978

• Thirty-two supratentorial pure oligodendrogliomas were studied immunohistochemically by exposing the tumors to a monoclonal antibody towards the p53 protein. PMID: 10442459

• Archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections of these cases were stained with a monoclonal antibody (Ab-2), raised against p53 protein using a peroxidase-labelled streptavidin biotin kit. PMID: 10425320

• Without formalin perfusion, the staining for p53 was uneven and often barely detectable. Perfusion with saline prior to formalin resulted in a rapid decrease in the detectability of p53, indicating rapid degradation of this protein under these conditions. We conclude that rapid fixation by formalin perfusion increases the detectability of p53 by immunohistochemical staining. PMID: 10405826

• p53 protein overexpression was investigated immunohistochemically in 27 multifocal and 65 unifocal clear cell RCCs using a monoclonal antibody (DO-1). PMID: 10193951

• p53 protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in a homogeneous series of 100 supratentorial grade II astrocytomas with long-term follow-up. PMID: 9894248

• the findings in this study show that: 1. The most suitable fixatives for immunohistochemical detection of p53 are 70% ethanol and Carnoy solution. 2. Antigen retrieval procedures by microwave irradiation are recommended for tissues fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin or in Bouin solution; this pre-treatment improves the quality of the immunohistochemical reaction and decreases the possibility of false negative results. 3. The cytoplasmic accumulation of p53 should be accepted as a fact, not as a result of poor fixation and should be assessed in parallel with the nuclear reaction. PMID: 9773296

• Immunostaining for p53 protein was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections from 158 patients with verified uterine sarcomas using monoclonal p53 antibody (DO-1). Antigen retrieval was performed with microwave oven technique. Nuclear p53 protein accumulation was demonstrated in 45% of the cases, more often in carcinosarcomas (73%) than in leiomyosarcomas (38%) and endometrial stromal sarcomas (27%). PMID: 9698472

• tissue sections from 238 paraffin-embedded colorectal carcinomas were immunostained for p53 (MAb DO-7 and CM-1 antiserum) and Bcl-2 (MAb Bcl-2:124). PMID: 9667656

• The time-related expression of p53 protein in human skin wounds--a quantitative immunohistochemical analysis. PMID: 9646156

• The expressions of p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were studied immunohistochemically from paraffin sections of 7 cases (9 lesions) of radiation-induced colon cancer and 42 cases of spontaneous colon cancer. PMID: 9610028

• We studied the immunohistochemical expression of RB and p53 proteins in HG-PIN, benign prostate, and prostatic adenocarcinoma from 25 radical prostatectomy specimens. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections pretreated with antigen retrieval in citrate buffer were stained with anti-RB antibody RB-WL-1 and anti-p53 antibody DO-7. PMID: 9521470

• We have developed a more sensitive immunohistochemical method for staining of p53 in paraffin-embedded sections of rat liver using microwave irradiation for antigen retrieval, avidin-biotin complexing and tyramide amplification. PMID: 9472715

• combined protease pretreatment and microwave oven heating of tissue sections improved unmasking of p53 antigenic sites in archival material stored for up to 65 years. PMID: 9368590

• We have performed immunohistochemical staining for p53 and c-erbB-2 on formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary invasive ductal carcinomas from 112 patients, with a minimal follow-up time of 60 months. PMID: 9228251

• The aim of this study was to utilize immunocytochemical antigen detection techniques to search for evidence of abnormal p53 protein accumulation in ten human childhood astrocytoma (ASTR) subtypes. PMID: 9137469

• p53 was investigated in a series of routinely processed Merkel cell carcinomas, with application of four different p53 antibodies (CM-1, PAb1801, DO7, and PAb240) to 25 carcinomas and screening for p53 mutations of exons 4-8 by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis in 9 cases. PMID: 9099981

• Overexpression of p53, as determined by immunohistochemical staining with the murine monoclonal antibody DO7, was determined in specimens of 46 primary superficial transitional cell bladder tumours (14 TaG2, 10 T1G2, 22 T1G3). PMID: 9079754

• Immunohistochemical detection of p53 was performed by using the monoclonal antibody D0-7 (IgG2b) in 52 gastric cancers. PMID: 9066704

• The aim of the current study was to utilize immunocytochemical antigen detection techniques to search for evidence of altered p53 protein overexpression in 43 primary osteosarcomas (OS). PMID: 9066701

• Immunohistochemical staining, using monoclonal antibodies against p53 (DO-7) and bcl-2, was performed on archival paraffin-embedded tissue following microwave antigen retrieval. PMID: 8986528

• Paraffin sections were examined immunohistochemically for p53 overexpression with the monoclonal antibody DO-7 (Dako) both with and without microwave antigen retrieval. PMID: 9014855

• Prognostic significance of cytoplasmic p53 overexpression in colorectal cancer. An immunohistochemical analysis. PMID: 9081357

• Strict quality control and newer antigen retrieval techniques reveal p53 abnormalities in many prostate cancers. Immunohistochemical detection of mutant p53 appears to be an independent predictor of progression. These data suggest potential utility of p53 as a preoperative prognostic indicator in localized prostate cancer. PMID: 8633403

• The prognostic value of the immunohistochemical expression of p53 was evaluated in 133 patients with pancreatic cancer. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens of ductal pancreatic adenocarcinomas retrieved at the time of operation were stained with the monoclonal antibody DO-7. PMID: 8604235

• p53 antigen could be detected immunohistochemically in formalin-fixed and paraffin wax-embedded tissues of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of domestic animals. PMID: 8920221

• antigen retrieval increases the sensitivity of p53 immunoreactivity, but such staining is not specific for malignancy and should be interpreted with caution. PMID: 8667257

• Sixty squamous cell carcinomas of tongue and buccal mucosa were examined for expression of p53 protein by using an immunohistochemical technique improved by an antigen retrieval method. PMID: 8667256

• p53 protein expression in colorectal adenomas: an immunohistochemical study using an antigen retrieval system. PMID: 8838331

• Enhanced immunodetection of p53 in paraffin-embedded tissues will provide a useful alternative to the usual fresh-tissue assay. PMID: 8640471

• Tumor p53 protein expression was detected by means of immunohistochemistry using the monoclonal antibody D07 on formalin fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. PMID: 8771158

• Routinely formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded material of 22 squamous cell carcinomas of the floor of the mouth (T2NoMo, Ro), together with adjacent dysplastic or normal mucosa, were immunohistochemically investigated using a panel of four anti-p53 antibodies (CM1, PAb1801, DO7, PAb240) subsequent to wet autoclave pretreatment for antigen retrieval. PMID: 7500288

• Immunostaining using p53 monoclonal antibodies (p53(Ab-3) recognizes mutant type and p53(Ab-6) the wild type of p53 protein) was performed on frozen sections of biopsy specimens obtained before and during preoperative radiotherapy from 23 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 7579809

• Wet autoclave pretreatment is recommended as a reliable and highly reproducible method for p53 antigen retrieval in routinely processed archival material. The advantages over microwave pretreatment include simple handling and good preservation of morphology. PMID: 7616359

• Specimens fixed in buffered formalin required antigen unmasking to show positive staining. Pronase digestion caused false-negative immunostaining. Microwave pretreatment with p53-DO7 yielded 100 per cent positivity for p53 proteins but only 7/55 cases with more than 50 per cent positive cells. Monoclonal antibody p53-DO7 detected more positive cases than p53-1801. Immunostaining with antibodies to p53 proteins must be interpreted cautiously as variations in fixation, antibodies, and section pretreatment will significantly affect results. PMID: 7931822

• p53 protein detected by immunohistochemical staining is not always mutant. PMID: 8082313

• The expression of p53 in a variety of benign and malignant skin lesions has been first assessed in frozen sections and then compared with the results obtained in corresponding paraffin-embedded sections using various immunohistochemical staining methods with a panel of anti-p53 antibodies. PMID: 7508232

• p53 overexpression was studied immunohistochemically in paraffin-embedded bone marrow biopsies using a recently described technique for antigen retrieval based on microwave oven heating of paraffin sections. PMID: 8248107

• p53 expression was demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining using the monoclonal anti-p53 antibody (PAb240) and results were reported using a semiquantitative score. PMID: 17101476

• Immunohistochemical staining for p53 protein was performed in a series of 83 patients with rectal cancer with a follow-up of at least 5 years. PMID: 16699612

• the expression of p53 protein in a variety of salivary gland malignant tumors fixed in formalin and included in paraffin, using the method of immunohistochemical coloring with the anti-p53 DO-7 antibody. PMID: 15678851

• p53 expression and patterns of cancer cell invasion into the bowel wall distal to the tumors were studied in 68 surgically removed rectal carcinoma specimens with immunohistochemical and routine pathological methods respectively. PMID: 12390734

Immunoprecipitation (IP)

• Using co-immunoprecipitation we have demonstrated that mortalin and p53 proteins are complexed in the cytoplasm of leukemic clam hemocytes (and not in normal hemocytes). PMID: 16651619

Western Blot (WB)

• Demonstration of p53 by western blot is more sensitive and reliable than immunohistology and flow cytometry. Western blot is the gold standard for the demonstration of p53 expression and should be used, whenever possible, to confirm p53 expression in normal tissue shown by immunohistology or flow cytometry. PMID: 9301548

• p53 protein detection by the western blotting technique in normal and neoplastic specimens of human endometrium. PMID: 10695997

• Specificity of seven monoclonal antibodies against p53 evaluated with Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and flow cytometry. PMID: 9136751

• Comparison of anti-p53 antibodies in immunoblotting. PMID: 12054549

• Western blotting techniques were used to detect p53 protein and anti-p53 antibodies. PMID: 14966683